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Introduction
In OFDM a high rate data stream is divided into many low data streams. These streams are then multiplied by corresponding carrier frequency signals that are orthogonal to each other. A composite signal so formed by multiplexing these modulated signals is called the orthogonal frequency division multiplexed signal. Orthogonality: two signals are orthogonal to each other when: 1. Each subcarrier has exactly an integer number of cycles in an interval. 2. The number of cycles between adjacent subcarriers differs by exactly one.
OFDM (contd.)
TIME DOMAIN FRQUENCY DOMAIN
SUBCARRIERS IN OFDM
PAPR PROBLEM
When the N sinusoidal signals after modulation by their carriers,
PEAK WINDOWING
Remedy to the out-of-band problem of clipping Multiplies large signal peaks by nonrectangular window To minimize the out-of-band interference, ideally the window should be as narrowband as possible. The windows should not be too long in the time domain, because that implies that many signal samples as affected, which increases the BER.
CODING
It needs to find the code words with a lower PAPR and to store the information in a lookup table for encoding and decoding. It still is an open problem to construct codes with both low PAPR and short Hamming distance Golay and Reed-Muller codes have shown PAPR reduction properties, but at a significant rate reduction.
Any sequence which is a member of Golay complementary pair is called a Golay sequence.
Existence of GCP
GCPs are known to exist for all lengths The lengths, N < 100, for which GCPs exist are: 2, 4, 8, 10, 16, 20, 26, 32, 40, 52, 64, 80 Primitive GCP is one that cannot be constructed from any shorter GCP by means of the recursive constructions. Primitive GCPs are only known to exist for lengths 2, 10, and 26. There is one primitive pair for lengths 2 and 26, and two primitive pairs for length 10.
GCS (contd.)
GCS are potentially deserved candidate for OFDM transmission, but they do not possess unexceptional essential structure to form a practical coding scheme. Golay complementary sequences can be used to achieve more than 3-dB PAPR reduction. Codes with error correcting capabilities can be used to achieve more lower PAPR for OFDM signals by determining the relationship of the cosets of Reed-Muller codes to Golay complementary sequences. Sets of binary Golay complementary pairs can be obtained from certain second-order cosets of the classical first order RM code. This way the block codes with their exceptionally ingenious encoding decoding and error correcting capabilities were combined with the power control properties of the GCS.
Literature Review
AUTHOR TOPIC STRENGTH WEAKNESS YEAR
PAPR reduction in OFDM systems by simplified clipping Simplest method and filtering with bounded reducing the PAPR distortion
A Blind SLM Scheme for Better PAPR K. Kasiri and M.J. reduction of PAPR in OFDM capability than Dehghian [5] systems type techniques
2009
P.Mukunthan [6]
PAPR Reduction of an OFDM Signal using Modified PTS lowest Combined with Interleaving complexity and Pulse Shaping Method
Additional complexity, loss Abolfazl Ghassemi PAPR Reduction of OFDM Better PAPR reduction, no in the spectral efficiency and T. Aaron using PTS and Error- restrictions to the number of due to side information Gulliver [7] Correcting code subblocking the subcarriers insertion
2010
1961
Complementary series
Peak-to-mean Power Davis and Jedwab control in OFDM, GCS [11] and Reed Muller Codes Construction of 16-QAM and 64-QAM OFDM Chen and Lian Codes with Low PAPR [13] and Large Euclidean Distance
1999
2007
Exhaustive search for GCS is No proof for the upper Suh and Hwang Recursive Construction of difficult so a recursive method is bound of PAPR is given in [14] Golay Sequences suggested the paper
2004
Causes lower error Present the concept of cyclic correction capabilities if golay codes to reduce PAPR higher code rate is required Proposed a scheme of ICI self-cancellation along with GCRM codes FRFT block has same complexity as FFT and there is weak correlation of noise and signal for particular time frequency space. Efficient only for low back-off value for TWTA
2004
2004
2012
Problem Formulation
From the detailed literature review it has been concluded that PAPR reduction is of main concern in present communication systems. Golay codes can be explored to reduce the PAPR without using extra PAPR reduction techniques, hence resulting in the requirement of less hardware.
Objective of Research
To solve the problem of PAPR in present communication systems using Golay codes. Following objectives have been formulated. These objectives can be modified according to the need of the research. To study the problem of PAPR in present day communication systems. To study the existing PAPR reduction techniques and to compare their performance. To develop PAPR reduction techniques using Golay codes and measure its performance.
Research Methodology
Simulation platform will be developed using MATLAB software. Also for calculation of various parameters Mathematica or Mapple software may be used.
REFERENCES
[1] Richard Van Nee, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Artech House Universal Personal Communications. [2] P. Foomooljareona and W.A.C. Fernando, PAPR Reduction in OFDM Systems, Thammasat International Journal of Science and Technology, September-December 2002. [3] V. Vijayarangan, Dr. (Mrs.) R. Sukanesh, An Overview Of Techniques For Reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio and its Selection Criteria for OFDM Radio Systems, Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology (JATIT), 2005 - 2009. [4] Josef Urban, PAPR reduction in OFDM systems by simplified clipping and filtering with bounded distortion, Doctoral Degree Programme, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication Brno University of Technology (FEEC BUT), 2006. [5] K. Kasiri and M. J. Dehghani, A Blind SLM Scheme for Reduction of PAPR in OFDM Systems, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 2009. [6] P. Mukunthan , PAPR Reduction of an OFDM Signal using Modified PTS Combined with Interleaving and Pulse Shaping Method, European Journal of Scientific Research, pp. 475-486, March 2012.
REFERENCES (contd.)
[7] Abolfazl Ghassemi and T. Aaron Gulliver, PAPR Reduction of OFDM Using PTS and ErrorCorrecting Code Subblocking, IEEE Transactions On Wireless Communications, pp. 980 989, March 2010. [8] James A. Davis, Jonathan Jedwab and K.G. Paterson, Codes, Correlations and Power Control in OFDM, Hewlett Packard Laboratories Technical Report, December 1998 [9] Marcel J. E. Golay, Multislit Spectroscopy, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1949. [10] M.J.E. Golay, Complementary Series, Institute Transactions on Information Theory, pp. 8287, April 1961. of Radio Engineers (IRE)
[11] J.A. Davis and J. Jedwab, Peak-to-mean power control in OFDM, Golay Complementary Sequences and Reed-Muller codes, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, pp. 23972417, November 1999. [12] J. A. Davis and J. Jedwab, Peak-to-mean power control for OFDM transmission using Golay sequences and ReedMuller codes, Electronic Letters, Vol.33, pp.267-268, 1997
REFERENCES (contd.)
[13] Chen and Lian, Construction of 16-QAM and 64-QAM OFDM Codes with Low PAPR and Large Euclidean Distance, Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE) Transactions on Communication, August 2007. [14] Suh and Hwang, Recursive Construction of Golay Sequences, IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, June-July 2004. [15] Kenneth G. Paterson, Generalized ReedMuller Codes and Power Control in OFDM Modulation, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, pp. 104 - 120, January 2000. [16] Masoud Olfat and K. J. Ray Liu, Low Peak to Average Power Ratio Cyclic Golay Sequences for OFDM Systems, IEEE International Conference on communications, pp. 993 - 997, 2004. [17] Hyun Park, Yup Lee et al., ICI Self Cancellation - Golay Complementary Reed-Muller Code Scheme for OFDM Systems, IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory, June-July 2004. [18] Rezgui, Jarboui and Grayaa, A PAPR reduction technique based on Golay sequences and Fractional Fourier Transform for OFDM Systems, IEEE Communications Society, pp. 383 386, 2012.
Thank you.