Principles of Gene Segregation

Mendelian Genetics

By:Mustafa

Mendelian Genetics
A. Johann Mendel (1822) = 1843 Augustiniam Monastery of St. Thomas B. Educated in botany and physics at University of Vienna C. Taught physics and natural sciences for 16 years D. Used garden pea 1856 - 1868 E. Died in 1884 of a kidney disorder

Mendelian Genetics
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Height - Tall/Dwarf Seed Shape - Round/Wrinkled Seed Color - Yellow/Green Pod Shape - Full/Constricted Pod Color - Green/Yellow Pod Arrangement - Axial/Terminal Flower Color - Violet/White

Mendelian Genetics
1. Phenotype 2. Genotype 3. Dominant 4. Recessive 5. Alleles 6. Locus 7. Punnett Square 8. Homozygous 9. Heterozygous 10. Monohybrid 11. Dihybrid 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Hemizygous Selfing Pure-Breeding Principle of Segregation Principle of Independent Assortment Pedigree Probability Product Rule Sum Rule Chi-Square Analysis

Mendels Postulates
UNIT FACTORS IN PAIRS Genetic characters (traits) are controlled by unit factors (alleles) that exist in pairs in individual organisms

Mendels Postulates
DOMINANCE/RECESSIVENESS When two unlike factors responsible for a single character are present in a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other, which is said to be recessive.

Mendels Postulates
SEGREGATION
During the formation of gametes, the paired unit factors separate, or segregate, randomly so that each gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood

OR
Two members of a gene pair (alleles) segregate from each other during the formation of gametes
(Meiosis II)

What happens when genetic data no longer coincides with Mendels ratios?

Mendels Postulates
QUESTION:
What experimental data led Gregor Mendel to the conclusion that unit factors (alleles) segregate independently?

Mendels Postulates
ANSWER:
Recessive characters, which are masked in the F1 from a cross between two truebreeding strains, reappear in a specific proportion in the F2.

Mendels Postulates
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT During gamete formation, segregating pairs of unit factors (traits on sister chromatids) assort independently of each other

OR
The factors for different traits assort independently of one another
(Meiosis I)

Mendels Postulates
QUESTION:
What experimental data led Gregor Mendel to the conclusion that genes on different chromosomes behave independently in gamete production?

Mendels Postulates
ANSWER:
Selfing a plant that is heterozygous for two distinct traits yields the phenotypic ratio 9:3:3:1

where four different phenotypes and nine different genotypes are present in the offspring

Mendelian Genetics
TEST CROSS

One-Factor Test Cross (monohybrid) Two-Factor Test Cross (dihybrid) Three-Factor Test cross (trihybrid) Forked-Line or Branch Methods

Independent Assortment
General Rules
1. Number of possible gamete combination for specific traits of an organism used in a test cross (gamete combinations seen on the top of a punnett square)
2n = where n equals the number of heterozygous gene pairs

Independent Assortment General Rules

2. Number of possible genotypic combination found in the offspring of a testcross 3n = where n equals the number of heterozygous gene pairs

Independent Assortment
QUESTION
How many different types of gametes are produced by an individual of genotype AaBbCCddEeFFGg? Assume that all 7 genes assort independently.

Independent Assortment
ANSWER
16 Different gamete combinations can be produced

Independent Assortment
QUESTION
?

Answer : 3

Product Law (and rule)

QUESTION If two dice are rolled at the same time, what is the probability of rolling a 3 and a 6?

Product Law (and rule)

ANSWER
p = 1/6 X 1/6 = 1/36

Product Law (and rule)

QUESTION
Genes a, b, and c assort independently and are recessive to their respective alleles A, B, and C. Two triply heterozygous (Aa Bb Cc) individuals are crossed.
a. What is the probability that a given offspring will be phenotypically A B C, that is, will exhibit all three dominant traits?

Product Law (and rule)

ANSWER The probability of an offspring showing the A trait from Aa x Aa is 3/4 . The same probability exists for B and C. Therefore, the probability of a given progeny being phenotypically A B C is

x x = 27/64

Product Law (and rule)

When two or more events occur independently, but at the same time, we can calculate the probability of possible outcomes when they occur together

Product Law (and rule)

QUESTION
Genes a, b, and c assort independently and are recessive to their respective alleles A, B, and C. Two triply heterozygous (Aa Bb Cc) individuals are crossed.
b. What is the probability that a given offspring will be genotypically homozygous for all three dominant alleles?

Product Law (and rule)

ANSWER The probability of an AA offspring from Aa x Aa is . The same probability is the case for a BB offspring and for a CC offspring. Therefore, the probability of an AA BB CC offspring is x = 1/64

Sum Law (either-or)

This rule may be used when events are mutually exclusive. The probability that one of several mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of the probabilities.

Sum Law (either-or)

QUESTION
What is the probability, when we throw a die, of it showing either a four or a six?

Sum Law (either-or)

ANSWER
p = 1/6 + 1/6 = 2/6