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Bryan S. Haley
Introduction
History
1920s: rudimentary GPR, applications such as ice thickness Air radar used in WWII for aircraft, Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) acronym 1950s,60s: ice thickness, geological applications 1972: NASA Apollo 17 on moon, carrying GPR 1980s: engineering applications, concrete assessment, void detection, land mine detection
Trace
Profile
c: speed of light in a vacuum (3 X 108 m/s) V: velocity of radar wave through the material Ranges from 1 (air) to 81 (water). Related primarily to water content of materials. Higher values mean less radar penetration (more attenuation). Strength of reflection is controlled by RDP contrast between the two materials. A reflection can occur in dielectric contrasts as small as 1.
Other Properties
Conductivity () High inhibits radar penetration (more attenuation). Increases with moisture content, and salinity. So highly conductive soils (ie. clays) are not as ideal for GPR investigation as soils with low (such as dry sand).
Magnetic Permeability () High inhibits radar penetration (more attenuation). Most soils have relatively low .
Strength of Reflection
Reflection Strength = 2 - 1 / 2 + 1
Strength of Reflection
Reflection coefficient for 2 layer case. From GSSI SIR System-2000 Training Notes 1999.
Anomaly Shape
Antennas
Identified by center frequency in MHz Higher frequency = greater vertical resolution Lower frequency = greater penetration depth Typical penetration depths 100Mhz 300Mhz 400Mhz 500Mhz 900Mhz 4-25m 1-10m .5-4m .5-3.5m 0-1m
Antennas
Vertical Resolution
Tm = c / (4f )
Tm: minimum thickness resolved. c: speed of light in a vacuum (3 X 108 m/s). f: center frequency of antenna.
: RDP.
Example: For 400 Mhz antenna and RDP of 10, the minimum thickness is about 6 cm.
Antennas
Horizontal Resolution
A = / 4 + D / ( + 1)
A = long dimension radius of footprint. = center frequency wavelength of antenna. D = depth.
= RDP.
Example: For 400 Mhz antenna, a depth of 50 cm, and a RDP of 10, A is about 21 cm. Therefore the footprint is approximately 42 cm on the front to back axis and 28 cm on the side to side axis.
Antennas
Setup: Gaining
No Gain
5 Gain Points
Determining Position
User Marks Marks inserted manually with trigger at fixed interval. Survey wheel Calibrated so that distance is determine based on number of revolutions. GPS Location determined by GPS and synched with GPR based on time.
Field Notes
Must record file name, X value, and Y start and finish Very important for GPR since software is flexible Basic instrument settings
Hardware
GSSI SIR 2000 SIR 3000 Sensors and Software Noggin Mala
Others
Processing Steps
Radargram Processing Background removal Box car filter Band pass filter Migration Hilbert Transform Topographic Correction Antenna tilt correction
Processing Steps
Create Info File Contains file name, X value, and Y start and finish. Reverse Files Align zig-zagged lines. Set Navigation Specify survey wheel, user marks, GPS. Fix marks if there are errors.
Processing Steps
Slice / Resample Set # of slices, thickness. Radargrams resampled to constant number per distance unit. Data collected from each radargram. Time slice values computed for each radargram are merged with the navigation. XYZ file created for each slice.
Processing Steps
Gridding Specify cell size, search radius. Interpolate the XYZ files already created.
Time Slices
Processing: low pass, high pass, etc. Set color scheme Set data range Set transforms
3D Data Cubes
Isosurface Rendering
Animations
Support Software
Surfer ArcView / ArcGIS
Interpretation
Anomaly Shape / Size / Orientation
Strength / Amplitude
Context Multiple Instrument Response Data from other projects Historic Documents Aerial Photos Lore Etc. Ground Truthing
Results
Conyers 2004
Heimmer and Devore 1995 Bevan 1998 Clark 1995 Gaffney and Gater 2003 Johnson 2006
Bryan S. Haley
Sapelo Island
Reconstruction
Sapelo Island
Sapelo Island
Sapelo Island
Memorial Cemetery
Memorial Cemetery
Memorial Cemetery
Belle Alliance
Belle Alliance
Belle Alliance
Jackson Barracks
Possible Burial
Jackson Barracks
Possible Burials
Jackson Barracks
Interpretation
Hollywood
Hollywood
Excavated Structures
Hollywood
Cahal Pech
Cahal Pech
Cahal Pech