Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
9,10,13)
(additional office hours web page)
3. Dec. 10: Exam #3 (exam scores & preliminary grades will be posted on Dec. 12); 4. Dec. 15, 5PM: Extra credit Project Deadline, accepting projects, G1B20, 1:30-4PM;
1. Invisibility:
Is this possible? Yes!!! How it works & when we can buy our invisibility clothes?
3. Lasers:
What they are & how they work; Laser tweezers: moving things with light without touching; Laser applications: science, technology, & everyday life;
Is this possible???
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JKPVQal851U
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ja_fuZyHDuk
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/scienceandtechnology/science/sciencenews/3353461/Harry-Potter-invisibility-cloak-a-step-closer-to-reality.html
No rays reflected from the cloaksurrounded object - it can not be seen & is invisible
Negative refraction
Unusual bending of rays of light
air
n>0
n<0
Where would we see the fish if water had negative refraction index
Note that the Snells law of refraction still works at such interfaces
The size of these features has to be much smaller than the wavelength of light
The sun radiates ~1000W per square meter (see the map), so a 10 x 10 cm solar cell is exposed to nearly 10 watts of radiated power. Depending on the quality of the cell, it can produce an electrical output of 1 - 1.5 watts.
A photovoltaic cell comprises P-type and N-type semiconductors with different electrical properties, joined together. The joint between these two semiconductors is called the "PN junction. Sunlight striking the photovoltaic cell is absorbed by the cell. The energy of the absorbed light generates particles with positive or negative charge (holes and electrons), which move about or shift freely in all directions within the cell. The electrons (-) tend to collect in the N-type semiconductor, and the holes (+) in the P-type semiconductor. Therefore, when an external load, such as an electric bulb or an electric motor, is connected between the front and back electrodes, electricity flows in the cell.
How it works?
Photovoltaic technology is actually quite simple: The conventional solar cells comprise two adjoining semiconductor layers that are equipped with separate metal contacts and have each been doped, thus creating an n layer (n = negative) with a surplus of electrons and below that, a p layer (p = positive) with an electron deficiency. Due to the difference in concentration, the electrons flow from n into the p area, thus creating an electrical field, or space charge zone, inside the semiconductor structure. The Photovoltaic Effect The upper n layer in a solar cell is so thin that the photons from sunlight can penetrate it and can only discharge their energy to an electron once they are in the space charge zone. The electron that is activated in this manner follows the internal electrical field and thus travels outside of the space charge zone and reaches the metal contacts of the p layer. When an electrical load is connected, the power circuit is closed: the electrons flow across the electrical load to the solar cells rear contact and then back to the space charge zone. This effect is called the photovoltaic effect (derived from Phos, the Greek word for light and the name of the physicist Alessandro Volta). An inverter, the heart of the system, converts the direct current (DC) produced by the solar cells into alternating current (AC).
Rays: Laser
Waves:
Laser
Flashlight
Flashlight
Light bulb
Light bulb
The term LASER" is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser light is spatially coherent: either emitted in a narrow, low-divergence beam, or can be converted into one with the help of lenses. Lasers are emitting light with a narrow monochromatic wavelength spectrum.
Laser
Holography
Use monochromatic (single-color) light source; Record information about both amplitude and phase of the light creating an image
There are holograms on most driver's licenses, ID cards and credit cards. They're twodimensional surfaces that show absolutely precise, three-dimensional images of real objects (unlike regular images).