Effect of varying points of heat application on the time for phase change of solid to liquid H20

ANDRES, Marc Louis 1 ARMENDEZ, Kevin Jhon Paul1 GUNGON, Ma. Paulina1 MACALE, Genesis1
1Institute

of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman

Abstract
This experiment involves the investigation of the melting time and behavior of ice in a confined volume subjected to convective heat transfer at varying points. The aspects explored in the experiment are the relationship of the point of application of heat to the ice-to-water phase change in a confined volume, the total time needed for complete ice-to-water phase change, and possible factors that affects melting of ice. Upon completion of the experiment, we found the most efficient method of melting ice in confined volume that can be used not only for experimental purposes but also for practical purposes.

Introduction
Heat convection in fluids is an essential concept in thermodynamics.

Convection is heat transfer by motion of fluid particles such as air or water when the heated fluid is caused to move away from the source of heat.

Introduction
By convection, heated water expands and becomes more buoyant. Cooler, more dense water near the surface descends and patterns of circulation can be formed. The time it takes to complete a phase change of a body subjected to convection is of HEAT interest in this investigative report.

Methodology
Materials
3 (6 inch) Test tubes

Electric Stove Ruler 2 Iron clamp stands Timer

2 Digital thermometer

Steam Generator

Methodology
Procedure
1 Before actual experiment, prepare 3 test tubes with equal amounts of water and let it freeze.

Heat the bottom of the test tube with the steam from the steam generator.
For every elapsed minute, monitor the actual temperature of the steam and the ice-water surface of the test tube simultaneously. Record the time it takes for the ice to melt completely Repeat steps 2-4, but instead of heating the bottom of the test tube, do it at a height of 4cm & 8cm from the bottom of the test tube.

Methodology

Ice melting (bottom)

Materials and Set-up

Ice melting (4cm)

Ice melting (8cm)

Results and Discussion

120

Temperature vs. Time

R = 0.950

Temperature (Celsius)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0 -20 2 4 6 8

LEGEND:
Green Dots Temperature of Steam Blue Dots - Temperature at the water/ice surface

Time (minutes)

Test tube heated at the bottom

120

120

Temperature (Celsius)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

Temperature (Celsius)

100 80 60 40 20 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

R = 1

-20

Time (minutes)

Time (minutes)

Test tube heated 4cm from the bottom

Test tube heated 8cm from the bottom

Results and Discussion

POINT OF APPLICATION TIME IT TOOK FOR TOTAL PHASE CHANGE OF ICE TO WATER 7 Minutes : 17.50 Seconds 4 Minutes : 41.45 Seconds 3 Minutes : 49.63 Seconds

BOTTOM 4 CM FROM THE BOTTOM 8 CM FROM THE BOTTOM

Based from the experiment, it showed that higher point of application of heat requires shorter time for the ice to completely change its phase from ice to water.

Results and Discussion

Stated earlier, less dense particles tends to stay on top of the fluid while the denser settles at the bottom. Based from the table below, it shows that (pure) water was most dense at 4 degrees Celsius and least dense at its solid state (ice).
Table of Density of Pure & Tap* Water
Temp ( C ) Density pure water ( g/cm3 ) Density pure water ( kg/m3 ) Density tap water ( g/cm3 ) Density pure water lb/cu.ft

0 (solid)
0 (liquid) 4

0.9150
0.9999 1.0000

915.0
999.9 1000

0.99987 0.99999

62.42 62.42

20
40 60

0.9982
0.9922 0.9832

998.2
992.2 983.2

0.99823
0.99225 0.98389

62.28
61.92 61.39

80

0.9718

971.8

0.97487

60.65

Results and Discussion

Since ice was less dense compared to liquid water at any temperature, it tends to remain on top when the test tube was heated at the bottom. Doing so would melt the ice at bottom of the test tube but the top portion of the test tube would remain as ice. Thus, one way for the applied heat at the bottom to melt the ice is through convection.
HEAT

HEAT

Results and Discussion

HEAT

When the ice is heated somewhere in the middle, it melts that part. This heated part will tend move to the top of the test tube thus heating and melting the ice on top. On the other part, (after melting of the ice on top) the ice at the bottom tends to move upwards due to its low density and will now be subjected to the applied heat and then melt.

HEAT

Conclusion
The Ice case In confined volume, melting of ice-to-water convention occurs faster at higher elevation Point of contact of ice to the heating medium

Buoyancy serves as a catalyst for better elevated melting

Practical example: Fastfood Softdrinks with ice

FAST

W A T E R

FASTER!

W A T E R

Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge our deepest thanks to our laboratory moderator, Prof. Gerold Pedemonte, of the National Institute of Physics for guiding and giving us the support needed throughout the experiment and this whole semester Engineering Library 1 for giving us the charge of our laptop batteries Our deep sense of gratitude to NIP staff, Mr. Romy Albaniel for the assistance of lending the materials essential for our the experiment For the additional 2 weeks of editing, thank you.

References
Convective Current http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatr Abstract Examples http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/presentations_abstracts_example s.html Heat Transfer Physics 73.1 Lab Manual http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_water.htma.html