INTRODUCTION TO AD HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS

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Seminar on Wireless Ad Hoc & Sensor Networks

contents
Taxonomy of networks Categoies of wireless network Ad-hoc network
Characteristics of ad-hoc network Application of ad-hoc network

Sensor networks Characteristics of sensor network Application of sensor network Lmitation of ad-hoc and sensor networks

What is network?

Network:
Network is series of points or nodes Interconnected by communication paths Network can interconnect with other netowrks contains subnetworks

Taxonomy of wireless networks

wireless networks

fixed networks

mobile access networks

ad hoc networks

cellular networks

random access networks

wireless internets

sensor networks

Categories of wireless networks

Cellular (one hop) networks

Wireless ad hoc (multi hop)networks.

Wireless Sensor Networks

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Cellular Networks
Cellular Networks
Networking Wireless Hosts
Infrastructure dependent High setup costs Large setup time Reliable

What is Ad-hoc?
A local area network, or some small networks, parts are time-limited, and only usable for the duration of a communication session The routers are free to move randomly, organize themselves arbitrarily The wireless topology vary rapidly and unpredictably
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A wireless ad hoc network

IEEE 802.11 in OSI Model

Wireless
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802.11 Architecture of an ad-hoc network

Direct communication within a limited range Station (STA): terminal with access mechanisms to the wireless medium [Independent] Basic Service Set group of stations using the same radio frequency You may use SDM or FDM to establish several BSS

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Dynamic network topology

The mobile nodes are free to move randomly and organize themselves arbitrarily; thus, the network's wireless topology may change rapidl and unpredictably.

move
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What are ad hoc/sensor networks?

Sometimes there is no coverages remote areas, ad hoc meetings, disaster areas cost can also be an argument against an infrastructure Sometimes not every station can hear every other station Data needs to be forwarded in a multihop manner

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Advent of Ad hoc Wireless Networks(Cont)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Comparisons between Cellular and Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (I)

Cellular Networks Fixed infrastructure-based Guaranteed bandwidth (designed for voice traffic) Centralized routing Circuit-switched (evolving toward packet switching) Seamless connectivity (low call drops during handoffs) High cost and time of deployment Reuse of frequency spectrum through geographical channel reuse Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Infrastructureless Shared radio channel (more suitable for best-effort data traffic) Distributed routing Packet-switched (evolving toward emulation of circuit switching) Frequent path breaks due to mobility Quick and cost-effective deployment Dynamic frequency reuse based on carrier sense mechanism

Easier to employ bandwidth reservation Bandwidth reservation requires complex medium access control protocols
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Comparisons between Cellular and Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (II)

Cellular Networks
Application domains include mainly civilian and commercial sectors High cost of network maintenance (backup power source, staffing, etc.) Mobile hosts are of relatively low complexity

Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Application domains include battlefields, emergency search and rescue operations, and collaborative computing Self-organization and maintenance properties are built into the network Mobile hosts require more intelligence (should have a transceiver as well as routing/switching capability)

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Mobile Ad hoc Networks

mobile hosts multi-hop routes between nodes may not use infrastructure
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Motivation
Ad-hoc nodes are typically battery powered and may not support energy scavenging Node and network lifetime must be prolonged Most energy consumption is at the nodes transceiver Minimum transmit power decreases contention Higher number of simultaneous transmissions can be allowed Increase in Capacity

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Motivation (Cont)
wireless networks have special limitations and properties such as limited bandwidth, highly dynamic topology, link interference, limited range of links, and broadcast.

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Characteristics and tradeoffs

Characteristics
Self-organized Self-deployed Decentralized Dynamic network topology

Tradeoffs
Limited Bandwidth Need Multi-hop router Energy consumption problem Security problem

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Characteristics of MANETs
Dynamic topology
links formed and broken with mobility

Possibly uni-directional links Constrained resources

battery power wireless transmitter range

Network partitions

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Limitations of MANET
Power: network life limited by battery life Short radio range Packet Collisions Network topology changes Address allocation
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Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET)

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Broadcasting
Unlike wired network, every hop is broadcasting Every packet can reach every node in the radio range of the sender Flooding messages make the problem even worse Wasted bandwidth High collision rate

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Applications
Personal area networking
Cell phone, laptop, PDA , tablet pc Meeting room/conference

Emergency operations
Search and rescue(Disaster &Relief) Policing and fire fighting

Civilian environments
Taxi cab network Boats, aircrafts

Military use

On the battle field

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Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

Layers in Use
Ad-hoc networks link layer: medium access control network layer: routing transport layer: TCP/IP

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NETWORK LAYETRS:

Ad-hoc routing protocols

Ad-hoc routing protocols

Source-initiated On-demand Driven

Table Driven

AODV

LMR

ABR

DSR

DSDV

WRP

TORA
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SSR

CGSR

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functional diagram of a wireless sensor communication node.

IEEE 802.11 in OSI Model

CHARACTERISTICS OF WIRELESS SENSOR NODES AND NETWORKS

Batteries in an ad hod network can be recharged, while they are not replaceable in wireless sensor networks. The goal of a wireless sensor network is to prolong battery life at the expense of QoS and bandwidth utilization [7], whereas the objective of an ad hoc network is to provide QoS.
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Applications
Structural, seismic
Bridges, highways, buildings

Smart roads
Traffic monitoring, accident detection, recovery assistance
highway

camera

microphon e

Contaminants detection
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Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

New technologies have reduced the cost, size and power of micro-sensors and wireless interfaces

Circulatory Net

Sensing

Networking

Computation

Environmental Monitoring Benefits from 3 technologies digital circuitry wireless communication silicon micro-machining

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7 Comparisons between Cellular and Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (I)

Cellular Networks Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Infrastructureless Shared radio channel (more suitable for best-effort data traffic) Distributed routing Packet-switched (evolving toward emulation of circuit switching) Frequent path breaks due to mobility Quick and cost-effective deployment Dynamic frequency reuse based on carrier sense mechanism Bandwidth reservation requires
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Fixed infrastructure-based Guaranteed bandwidth (designed for voice traffic) Centralized routing Circuit-switched (evolving toward packet switching) Seamless connectivity (low call drops during handoffs) High cost and time of deployment Reuse of frequency spectrum through geographical channel reuse Easier to employ bandwidth

on Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Comparisons between Cellular and Ad Hoc Wireless Networks (II)

Cellular Networks
Application domains include mainly civilian and commercial sectors High cost of network maintenance (backup power source, staffing, etc.) Mobile hosts are of relatively low complexity

Ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Application domains include battlefields, emergency search and rescue operations, and collaborative computing Self-organization and maintenance properties are built into the network Mobile hosts require more intelligence (should have a transceiver as well as routing/switching capability)

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CONCLUSION
Ad-hoc and sensor network is everywhere . The development of Ad-hoc wireless networks & senior networks provides tremendous opportunities in many areas including & industrial environments.

FUTURE?
Ad hoc Wireless Network Everywhere

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Thanks

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