Heat Transfer

How does the energy move from a hotter to

a colder object?
Three mechanisms
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Heat Transfer
There are three ways in which heat can be transferred
from one object to another:
Conduction when two objects are in physical contact.






t
L
T
kA Q
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
k = thermal conductivity
Q = heat transferred
A = cross sectional area
t = duration of heat transfer
L = length
AT = temperature difference
between two ends
In a hot oven the air and the
metal rack are at the same
temperature, but which one
feels hotter and why?
Thermal Conductivities,
Table 16-3
Substance Thermal
Conductivity: k
W / (m K)
Gold 291
Glass 0.84
Water 0.60
Wood 0.10
Air 0.023
Metals have high
thermal conductivity,
most electrical insulators
also have low thermal
conductivity.
Air is a great insulator,
except that large air
spaces allow heat flow
by convection.

Convection and Radiation
Convection when heat is carried by a moving fluid
Example: heat house with radiator
Gulf stream transports Heat from Caribbean to
Europe
Radiation when electromagnetic waves (radiation)
carry heat from one object to another.
Example: heat you feel when you are near a fire
Example: Heat from the sun
Formation of frost (ice) at night, T(air) > 0C
Heat transfer
Conduction
Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred directly
through a material, any bulk motion of the material playing
no role in the transfer.
Those materials that conduct heat well are called thermal
conductors, while those that conduct heat poorly are known
as thermal insulators.
Most metals are excellent thermal conductors, while wood,
glass, and most plastics are common thermal insulators.
The free electrons in metals are responsible for the excellent
thermal conductivity of metals.
Conduction
Conduction Of Heat
Through A Material
Rate of heat transfer by conduction, Q/t through the length, L
across the cross-sectional area, A is given by the following
equation, where k is the thermal conductivity and T is the
temperature difference between the two ends.
.
L
T kA
t
Q A
=
SI Unit of Thermal Conductivity: J/(s m C)
Conduction

Substance
Thermal Conductivity, k [J/(s m
C)]

Metals
Aluminum 240
Brass 110
Copper 390
Iron 79
Lead 35
Silver 420
Steel (stainless) 14
Gases
Air 0.0256
Hydrogen (H
2
) 0.180
Nitrogen (N
2
) 0.0258
High conductivity
High conductivity
High conductivity
Styrofoam
Why is the mother
shielding her cub?
Owens Corning




How do fish in a lake survive?
Fruit growers sometimes spray water to protect their
crops against freezing. After a subzero night, these
berries are visible in their insulating jackets of ice.

Convection
Convection is the process in which heat is carried
from place to place by the bulk movement of a fluid.
Convection currents are set up when a pan of water is heated.
Volcanic Eruption
During a volcanic eruption, smoke at the top of the
plume rises thousands of meters because of
convection.
Convection
Explains why breezes come from the ocean
in the day and from the land at night
Q: In the living room, the heating unit is placed in the floor but the
the refrigerator has a top-mounted cooling coil. Why?
A: Air warmed by the baseboard heating unit is pushed to the top of
the room by the cooler and denser air. Air cooled by the cooling coil
sinks to the bottom of the refrigerator.

Radiation
Radiation is the process in which energy is transferred by means
of electromagnetic waves.
Heat transfer by radiation can take place through vacuum. This is
because electromagnetic waves are involved in radiation and
they can propagate through empty space.
Radiation
Energy carried by electromagnetic waves
Light, microwaves, radio waves, x-rays
Wavelength is related to vibration frequency

Radiation
average frequency absolute temperature
Black Body
A material that is a good
absorber, like lampblack, is also
a good emitter, and a material
that is a poor absorber, like
polished silver, is also a poor
emitter.
Suntans
Suntans are produced by radiation, ultraviolet rays.
Summer Clothing
Q: People are uncomfortable wearing dark clothes during
the summer. Why?
A: Dark clothes absorb a large fraction of the sun's
radiation and then reemit it in all directions. About one-
half of the emitted radiation is directed inward toward
the body and creates the sensation of warmth. Light-
colored clothes, in contrast, are cooler to wear, since they
absorb and reemit relatively little of the incident
radiation.

A White sifaka Lemur
To warm up in the morning, they turn their dark bellies
toward the sun.
Why is the mother
shielding her cub?
Havent we seen
this before?
Ratio of the surface area
of a cub to its volume is
much larger than for its
mother.
To cool food, we cut it into smaller pieces, why?
The StefanBOLTZMANN
Law Of Radiation
The rate at which an object emits radiant energy is
proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.
This is known as Stefans law and is expressed as follows,
where is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, = 5.67 10
-8

W/m
2
.K
4
.
.
4
eAT P
t
Q
o = =
The factor e is called the emissivity, which is a number between
0 and 1. Perfect radiators have a value of 1 for e. A is the surface
area and T is the temperature of the radiator in Kelvin.
Thermos Bottle
A thermos bottle minimizes energy transfer
due to convection, conduction, and radiation.
Stopper- minimize conduction.
Double-walled glass vessel with the space
between the walls is evacuated to minimize
energy losses due to conduction and
convection.
The silvered surfaces reflect most of the
radiant energy that would otherwise enter or
leave the liquid in the thermos.
Halogen Cooktop
In a halogen cooktop, quartz-iodine lamps emit a large amount of
electromagnetic energy that is absorbed directly by a pot or pan.
Highly reflective metal foil covering this satellite minimizes heat
transfer by radiation.
Metal foil
Conduction
There are three ways in which heat can be transferred
from one object to another:
Conduction when two objects are in physical contact.






t
L
T
kA Q
|
.
|

\
|
A
=
k = thermal conductivity
Q = heat transferred
A = cross sectional area
t = duration of heat transfer
L = length
AT = temperature difference
between two ends
In a hot oven the air and the
metal rack are at the same
temperature, but which one
feels hotter and why?
Thermal Conductivities,
Table 16-3
Substance Thermal
Conductivity: k
W / (m K)
Gold 291
Glass 0.84
Water 0.60
Wood 0.10
Air 0.023
Metals have high
thermal conductivity,
most electrical insulators
also have low thermal
conductivity.
Air is a great insulator,
except that large air
spaces allow heat flow
by convection.

Convection and Radiation
Convection when heat is carried by a moving fluid
Example: heat house with radiator
Gulf stream transports Heat from Caribbean to
Europe
Radiation when electromagnetic waves (radiation)
carry heat from one object to another.
Example: heat you feel when you are near a fire
Example: Heat from the sun
Formation of frost (ice) at night, T(air) > 0C
Conduction
Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred directly
through a material, any bulk motion of the material playing
no role in the transfer.
Those materials that conduct heat well are called thermal
conductors, while those that conduct heat poorly are known
as thermal insulators.
Most metals are excellent thermal conductors, while wood,
glass, and most plastics are common thermal insulators.
The free electrons in metals are responsible for the excellent
thermal conductivity of metals.
Microscopic reasons why a conductor is a conductor
In contrast to conductors, insulators are materials which impede
the free flow of electrons from atom to atom and molecule to
molecule. If charge is transferred to an insulator at a given
location, the excess charge will remain at the initial location of
charging.
In a conductor, electric current can flow freely, in an
insulator it cannot. Metals such as copper typify conductors,
while most non-metallic solids are said to be good insulators,
having extremely high resistance to the flow of charge
through them. "Conductor" implies that the outer electrons of
the atoms are loosely bound and free to move through the
material. Most atoms hold on to their electrons tightly and
are insulators. In copper, the valence electrons are essentially
free and strongly repel each other. Any external influence
which moves one of them will cause a repulsion of other
electrons which propagates, "domino fashion" through the
conductor. Simply stated, most metals are good electrical
conductors, most nonmetals are not. Metals are also
generally good heat conductors while nonmetals are not.
http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/online/topics/10a.html
This website has a very good introduction.
However, it is in form of a flash movie, so I
cannot put it on a PowerPoint presentation. I
believe it can be done, but I do not know how.

Black Body Radiation

Any object heated to a temperature T (on an absolute scale) radiates
Electromagnetic Energy (light) with total power:
P = e o A T
4
0<e<1 = emissivity = property of material
o = 5.67 10
8
W/(m
2
K
4
)
A = surface area of object
Early triumph of quantum theory (M. Planck) to predict this equation,
including the value of o.
Peak wavelength occurs at = (5.1 10
-3
m K ) / T (Chap 30)
If the surroundings have temperature T
S
, then the net power radiated
is
P = e o A [ T
4
T
S
4
]
Dark, dry, night, T
S
= 3 K, Black body radiation cools the surface
faster than conduction can transport heat from the ground or air.
Frost can form even if air temperature > 0C.