DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING

Introduction

What is DIP and DI

It is use of the computer algorithms to perform image

processing on digital images. An image is a 2-D light intensity function f(x,y). A digital image is a numeric representation of 2-D image also called bitmap image. Digital image is composed of a finite number of elements each of which has a particular location and value these elements are called pixels. Digital image contains a fixed number of rows and columns of pixels. Pixels are smallest indivisual element in an image holding quantized values that represent the brightness of a given color at any specific point.

Image Representation

Image Representation

Image Representation

 In 8-bit representation pixel intensity values change

between 0(black) and 255(white). An image may also be defined as a two-dimensonal function,f(x,y),where x and y spatial(plane ) coordinates,and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates(x,y) is called the intensity of the image at that point. The term gray level is used often to refer to the intensity of monochronous images. In image processing we use the entire EM spectrum ,ranging from gamma to radio waves. So it has wide range of variety. Two things are important image processing and image analysis.

Why do we need image processing?

One of the first application of digital image was in

the newspaper industry ,when pictures were first sent by submarine cable between london and new york. This techniques reduced the time from 6 days to 3 hour. So basically image processing reduces the time in many areas. There are three major category 1) For improvement of pictorial information for human perception. 2)Image processing for autonomous machine

Human Perception
We employ methods capable of enhancing

pictorial information for human interpretation and analysis. Applications : Noise filtering, content enhancement ( contrast enhancement,deblurring ) ,remote sensing Through remote sensing we can plan the city,finding the path of the river. E.g. borneo fire (fire in forest ),atmospheric study,astronomy. Other fields are medical imging (brain tumor),cancer detection,ultra sonogram. In weather forecasting we can use the image

Blurred image

Low contrast image

Medical Imaging (Brain Tumor)

Remote Sensing

Noisy image

Machine vision Applications

Extracting the features of image not enhancing

like in human perception. Industrial machine vision for product assembly and inspection. E.g bottling process Inspection of process of IC manufacturing. Automated target detection and tracking Finger print recognition,iris recognition Machine processing of aerial and satellite imagery for weather prediction and crop assessment etc.

Borneo fire

Aerial image of path of river

Automated Inspection

Bottling Production

Automated Inspection

Medical Imaging

Weather Forecasting

Astronomy

Finger Pattern

Examples of fields
Gamma ray imaging. It includes nuclear medicine

and astronomical observations. In nuclear medicine the approach is to inject a patient with a radioactive isotope that exists gamma rays as it decays.images are produced from the emissions collected by gamma ray detectors.

Image Compression
An image usually contains lot of redundancy that

can be exploited to achieve compression. Reduction in bandwidth and storage.

Steps in digital image processing

Problem domain

Image aquisition
Preprocessing segmentation

Knowledge Representation and description Base Recognition and interpretation Result

Relationship between pixels

Connection between pixels is important for finding

the components. We know that digital image is represented as matrix format. A pixel p at location (x,y) has two horizontal and two vertical neighbors. This set of four pixels is called 4-neighbors . Each of these neighbors is at a unit distance from p. If p is a boundary pixel then it will have less number of neighbors. E.g. for finding the circle.

Gray Iris image

Skeleton of iris image

 A pixel p has four diagonal neighbors.

4-neighbors and diagonal neighbors are called 8-

neighbors of p. Connectivity between pixels is a very important concept. It is useful for establishing object boundaries and defining image components and regions. E.g. segmentation of image from background

 Two pixels are said to be connected if they are

adjacent in some sense. They are neighbors and their intensity values are similar. Distance between pixels. Logical and mathematical operation on image.

Matlab (Image processing toolbox)

Imread

Size
Whos Figure Imfinfo Rgb2gray Edge