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CONTENTS
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Introduction Classification of Matter Properties of Matter Units of Measurement Uncertainty in Measurement Dimensional Analysis
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Learning outcomes:
Able to differentiate between the three states of matter. Able to distinguish between elements, compounds and mixtures. Able to distinguish between physical and chemical properties. Able to use and convert different units of measurement.
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1.1 Introduction
Chemistry is the study of properties of materials and changes they undergo. Central role in science and technology. Has a high impact on our daily living, e.g. health and medicine, energy and environment, materials and technology and food and agriculture. Able to contribute to problem solving analysis.
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Classification of Matter
Physical State
Composition
Gas
Pure substance
Mixture
Liquid
Element
Homogeneous
Solid
Compound
Heterogeneous
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1.2.2 Composition
Pure Substance Matter with fixed composition and distinct properties, E.g H2O , NaCl
(i) Elements - simplest form of matter - cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means i.e only one kind of element 10 - can exist as atoms or molecules
114 elements identified Each given a unique name organized in a Periodic Table
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elemental properties
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(one phase)
e.g. air
1960 : All scientific units use Systme International dUnits (SI Units). Seven base units :
Physical Quantity Mass Length Time Electric current Temperature Luminous intensity Amount of substance Name of Unit Kilogram Meter Second Ampere Kelvin Candela Mole Abbreviation Kg m s (sec) A K cd mol
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1.4.2 Temperature
Temperature is a measure of hotness or coldness of an object 3 temperature scales are currently in use: (i) OF (degrees Fahrenheit) (ii) OC (degrees Celsius) (iii) K (Kelvin) Scientific studies commonly used Celsius and Kelvin scales
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Temperature scale
Properties of water at sea level Freezing point Boiling point 212 100 373.15
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32 0 273.15
9 F = ( C ) + 32 5 5 C = ( F 32 ) 9
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1.4.3 Volume
SI unit of volume = (unit of length)3 = m3 Generally, chemists work with much smaller volumes: cm3 , mL or cc
1.4.4 Density
Widely used to characterize substances. Defined as mass divided by volume, d = mass (m) volume (V) Unit : g/cm3 Varies with temperature because volume changes with temperature. Can be used as a conversion factor to change mass to volume and vice versa. Common units :
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Precision - how well measured quantities agree with each other. Accuracy - how well measured quantities agree with the true value.
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s=
(x
i
x)
N
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Example 1
Quantity 1 in. = 2.54 cm yields two conversion factors 2.54 cm and 1 in. 1 in. 2.54 cm Convert 5.08 cm to in. and 4.00 in. to cm 5.08 cm 1 in. = 2.00 in. 2.54 cm 4.00 in. 2.54 cm = 10.2 cm 1 in.
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Example 2
Convert 6.23 ft3 to the appropriate SI unit. ft3 to m3 and 3.272 ft = 1m (1 ft )3 = (1m)3 (3.272ft)3 6.23 ft3 = 6.23 ft3 (1m)3 0.178 m3 (3.272ft)3 =
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Exercise 1.1
A persons average daily intake of glucose is 0.0833 pound. What is this mass in milligrams? ( 1 lb = 453.6 g)
lb g x
1000 mg 1g
mg =
453.6 g 0.0833 lb x 1 lb
END of CHAPTER 1
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