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A plastic is a polymer, a macromolecule or a very large molecule resulting from the addition of very small units (monomers) into large chains. Saying that something is made from plastic is typically too general of a description. Plastics are used to make a wide range of materials, including furniture, computers, and toys.
The word plastics is from the Greek word PLASTIKOS, meaning able to be shaped and molded

Plastics are high molecular weigh organic materials, which can be molded or formed into stable shapes but the application of heat and pressure. Plastics derive their name from their existence, at some stage of their formation or fabrication , as plastic masses capable of being shaped by flow induced by heat or pressure both. PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS Density: Similar to wood Thermal Conductivity: Similar to wood Electrical Conductivity: Insulator Thermal Movement: High Moisture Movement: Low Permeability: Surprisingly High Cost: Material cost high but manufacture low

WHY DESIGN WITH PLASTICS? Light weight, high weight to strength ratio, particularly when reinforced Relatively low cost compared to metals and composites Corrosion resistance Low electrical and thermal conductivity, insulator Easily formed into complex shapes, can be formed, casted and joined. Wide choice of appearance, colors and transparencies

The First Man-Made Plastic - PARKESINE The first man-made plastic was created by Alexander Parkes who publicly demonstrated it at the 1862 Great International Exhibition in London. The material called Parkesine was an organic material derived from cellulose that once heated could be molded, and retained its shape when cooled.

PLASTIC HEAT

QUALITY
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTER

THERMOPLASTIC

THERMOSETTING

ELASTOMER

STRUCTURAL

BIODEGRADEABLE

Type of plastic

Molecular structure

Characteristics and applications

Thermosets are hard and have a very tight-meshed, branched molecular structure. Curing proceeds during shaping, after which it is no longer possible to shape the material by heating. Further shaping may then only be performed by machining. Thermosets are used, for example, to make light switches.

Thermosets

Elastomers

While elastomers also have a crosslinked structure, they have a looser mesh than thermosets, giving rise to a degree of elasticity. Once shaped, elastomers also cannot be reshaped by heating. Elastomers are used, for example, to produce automobile tires. Thermoplastics have a linear or branched molecular structure which determines their strength and thermal behavior; they are flexible at ordinary temperatures. At approx. 120 - 180C, thermoplastics become a pasty/liquid mass. The service temperature range for thermoplastics is considerably lower than that for thermosets.

Thermoplastics

ABOUT THE STRUCTURE OF PLASTICS.

Plastics are polymers, large molecules made of repeating units of smaller molecules (monomers) that are chemically bound together. A polymer is like a chain in which each link is a monomer. All plastic is made of carbon. Man-made plastic uses carbon derived from oil, while biopolymers or bioplastics use carbon derived from natural materials. There are a few ways that monomers combine to form the polymers of plastics. One is a condensation reaction, where two molecules combine and a smaller molecule -usually water, an alcohol or an acid -- is lost.

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
Plastic marked with an SPI code of 1 is made with Polyethylene Terephthalate, which is also known as PETE or PET. It is recyclable. eg: Fizzy drink and water bottles. Salad trays.

POLYPROPYLENE
Plastic marked with an SPI code of 5 is made with Polypropylene, or PP. not commonly recycled, strong and can usually withstand higher temperatures. it is used to make plastic diapers, Tupperware, margarine containers,

HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

Plastic marked with an SPI code of 2 is made with High-Density Polyethylene, or HDPE. HDPE products are very safe .HDPE products are commonly recycled. Eg. Milk bottles, bleach, cleaners most shampoo bottles

POLYSTYRENE
Plastic marked with an SPI code of 6 is made with Polystyrene, also known as PS. It is commonly recycled. Eg. Margarine tubs, microwaveable meal trays, also produced as fibres and filaments.

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
Plastic labeled with an SPI code of 3 is made with Polyvinyl Chloride, or PVC. PVC is not often recycled and it can be harmful if ingested. PVC is used for all kinds of pipes and tiles, but it's most commonly found in plumbing pipes.

UNALLOCATED REFERENCES
The SPI code of 7 is used to designate miscellaneous types of plastic that are not defined by the other six codes. Polycarbonate and Polylactide are included in this category. These types of plastics are difficult to recycle.

LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

Plastic marked with an SPI code of 4 is made with Low-Density Polyethylene, or LDPE. LDPE is not commonly recycled It is a very healthy plastic that tends to be both durable and flexible. Used for Carrier bags, bin liners and packaging films.

To make plastics, chemists and chemical engineers must do the following on an industrial scale:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Prepare raw materials and monomers Carry out polymerization reactions Process the polymers into final polymer resins Produce finished products

INJECTION MOLDING: The resin pellets are heated and mechanically mixed in a chamber and then forced under high pressure into a cooled mold. This process is used for containers like butter and yogurt tubs. (Custompart.net has a great lesson on injection molding.) BLOW MOLDING: This technique is used in conjunction with extrusion or injection molding. The resin pellets are heated and compressed into a liquid tube, like toothpaste. The resin goes into the chilled mold, and compressed air gets blown into the resin tube. The air expands the resin against the walls of the mold. This process is used to make plastic bottles. ROTATIONAL MOLDING: The resin pellets are heated and cooled in a mold that can be rotated in three dimensions. The rotation evenly distributes the plastic along the walls of the mold. This technique is used to make large, hollow plastic items (toys, furniture, sporting equipment, septic tanks, garbage cans and kayaks).

First, they must start with various raw materials that make up the monomers. Ethylene and propylene, for example, come from crude oil, which contains the hydrocarbons that make up the monomers. The hydrocarbon raw materials are obtained from the "cracking process" used in refining oil and natural gas . Once various hydrocarbons are obtained from cracking, they are chemically processed to make hydrocarbon monomers and other carbon monomers (like styrene, vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile) used in plastics. Next, the monomers carry out polymerization reactions in large polymerization plants. The reactions produce polymer resins, which are collected and further processed. Processing can include the addition of plasticizers, dyes and flameretardant chemicals. The final polymer resins are usually in the forms of pellets or beads. Finally, the polymer resins are processed into final plastic products. Generally, they are heated, molded and allowed to cool. There are several processes involved in this stage, depending upon the type of product. EXTRUSION: Pellets are heated and mechanically mixed in a long chamber, forced through a small opening and cooled with air or water. This method is used to make plastic films.

Advantages of plastic are light in weight. They can be easily moulded and have excellent finishing. They possess very good strength and toughness. They possess good shock absorption capacity. Advantages of plastic are corrosion resistant and chemically inert. They have low thermal expansion of co-efficient and possess good thermal and electrical insulating property. Advantages of plastic is very good water resistant and possess good adhesiveness. Plastic is strong, good and cheap to produce. Plastic is a recycling process and it does not decompose. Plastic bottles can be reused and restored over again and again. Plastic is one of the unbreakable. Plastic is an odorless. Plastic is used for building, construction, electronics, packaging (glad wrap) and transportation industries. Used to make - Water bottles, pens, plastic bags, cups etc. Advantages of plastic are Very cheap to make. Durability Strength Chemical resistance. Advantages of plastic are used to produce another product. Used to reduce soil and wind erosion.

Plastic is a nonrenewable resources. Plastic is softness. Disadvantage of plastics are embrittlement at low temperature. Disadvantage of plastics are deformation under load. Disadvantage of plastics are low heat resistant and poor ductility. Disadvantage of plastics are combustibility. Avoid plastic is very helpful to us because it destroys soil. It is a recycle process, but it is very costly.

POLYCARBONATE
POLYCARBONATE IS A VERSATILE, TOUGH PLASTIC USED FOR
A VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS, FROM BULLETPROOF WINDOWS TO COMPACT DISKS (CDS). THE MAIN ADVANTAGE OF POLYCARBONATE OVER OTHER TYPES OF PLASTIC IS UNBEATABLE STRENGTH COMBINED WITH LIGHT WEIGHT. BULLETPROOF WINDOWS AND ENCLOSURES AS SEEN INSIDE BANKS OR AT DRIVE-THROUGHS ARE OFTEN MADE OF POLYCARBONATE. ADD TO THIS THE ADVANTAGE THAT POLYCARBONATE IS JUST ONE-THIRD THE WEIGHT OF ACRYLIC, OR ONE-SIXTH AS HEAVY AS GLASS, AND THE ONLY DRAWBACK IS THAT IT IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN EITHER ACRYLIC OR GLASS.

APPLICATIONS
VERY TOUGH HEAT RESISTANT POOR CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

USES FOR POLYCARBONATE

HOUSE EQUIPMENT EXTERIOR VEHICLE COMPONENTS OUTDOOR LIGHTING FIXTURES

TRANSPARENT
EASY INSTALLATION RESISTANT TO UV RAYS

NAMEPLATES
VEHICLE WINDOWS (NOT FOR AUTOMOBILES) BRACKETS AND STRUCTURAL PARTS MEDICAL SUPPLY COMPONENTS PLASTIC LENSES FOR EYEGLASSES

Polycarbonate Sheets with Conventional Materials

polycarbonate plastic raw materials

POLYCARBONATE PLASTIC

Polycarbonate plastic products

Polycarbonate plastic roofing material for Greenhouse

FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP)

FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC (FRP) IS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL MADE OF A POLYMER MATRIX REINFORCED WITH FIBRES. THE FIBRES ARE USUALLY FIBREGLASS, CARBON, OR ARAMID, WHILE THE POLYMER IS USUALLY AN EPOXY, VINYLESTER OR POLYESTER THERMOSETTING PLASTIC. FRPS ARE COMMONLY USED IN THE AEROSPACE, AUTOMOTIVE, MARINE, AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES.

ACRYLIC
AN ACRYLATE POLYMER BELONGS TO A GROUP OF POLYMERS WHICH COULD BE REFERRED TO GENERALLY AS PLASTICS. THEY ARE NOTED FOR THEIR TRANSPARENCY AND RESISTANCE TO BREAKAGE AND ELASTICITY. ALSO COMMONLY KNOWN AS ACRYLICS OR POLYACRYLATES. ACRYLIC IS A DURABLE AND STRONG POLYMER USED AS PLASTIC IN WIDE VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS. ACRYLIC SHEETS ARE USUALLY USED AS SUBSTITUTE FOR GLASS DUE TO ITS FLEXIBILITY AND OTHER PROPERTIES SUCH AS BEING LIGHTER, EASIER TO REPAIR AND MORE TRANSPARENT. ACRYLIC IS USED TO FORM WIDE RANGE OF SHAPES FOR WIDE ARRAY OF PRODUCTS MOST ESPECIALLY IN AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS AND USED AS COMPONENT IN PAINTS AND RESINS.

FRP PRODUCTS ARE EXTREMELY DURABLE VERSUS MANY TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS. THE THERMOSETTING RESIN PROPERTIES PROVIDE CHEMICAL, MOISTURE, AND TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE, WHILE THE FIBERGLASS REINFORCEMENT INCREASES STRENGTH AND PROVIDES GOOD PERFORMANCE OVER A WIDE TEMPERATURE RANGE (THE PROPERTIES OF THERMOPLASTICS ARE GREATLY AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE).

ACRYLIC PLASTIC SHEET FRP FENCE FRP PLASTIC ROOFING SHEE FRP-PLASTIC HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL ACRYLIC FROST PLASTICPEN

LOUNGE CHAIR OF ACRYLIC

ACRYLIC PLASTIC DOME

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
A COMMON THERMOPLASTIC RESIN, USED IN A WIDE VARIETY OF MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS, INCLUDING RAINWEAR, GARDEN HOSES, PHONOGRAPH RECORDS, AND FLOOR TILES. A SYNTHETIC THERMOPLASTIC MATERIAL MADE BY POLYMERIZING VINYL CHLORIDE. THE PROPERTIES DEPEND ON THE ADDED PLASTICIZER. THE FLEXIBLE FORMS ARE USED IN HOSEPIPES, INSULATION, SHOES, GARMENTS, ETC. RIGID PVC IS USED FOR MOULDED ARTICLES

CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

TOUGHNESS, STRENGTH. EASE OF BLENDING, EASE OF PROCESSING . FLAME RESISTANT AND FIRE PREVENTION PROPERTIES . IT IS COMPATIBLE WITH OTHER ADDITIVES THAT CAN PROVIDE PVC CLEAR OR COLORED, RIGID OR FLEXIBLE, ETC.. EXCELLENT ELECTRICAL INSULATION PROPERTIES. THIS MAKES IT IDEAL TO BE USE IN CABLES. IMPACT STRENGTH AND RESISTANT TO BAD WEATHER CONDITIONS (I.E. IT DOES NOT CORRODE AND IS VERY DURABLE), APPROPRIATE TO BE USED AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. RESISTANCE TO GREASE, OIL AND CHEMICALS . PVC IS CHEMICALLY STABLE AND DOES NOT DE-POLYMERIZE.

Molecular structures of general purpose plastics

PVC PLASTIC WALL PANEL

PVC PLASTIC PIPE MOULD PVC/PLASTICFLANGE

CORRUGATED PVC PLASTIC SHEETING

EXPANDED PVC PLASTIC SHEET