1.

Existing processes and business environment

Business environment U.S census on the Construction Industry Contract type.
Existing processes Existing process Current Used Technologies Process mode

Business Environment
1997 Economic Census (US census Bureau)
Industry

Total number of employees

Value of construction work (US $1,000) 845,543,552

Value added (US $1,000)

Construction

5,664,853

383,845,728

Building, developing, & general contracting

1,342,953

381,641,600

120,322,720

Heavy construction

880,400

127,841,600

68,775,976

Special trade contractors

3,441,500

336,060,352

194,747,056

Business Environment
The construction industry is very unique because 1. It has many characteristics common to both manufacturing and service industries. 2. It is fragmented and sometimes divisive. 3. It is very custom-oriented. 4. It is incentive-oriented. As a result The construction industry highly depends on personnel rather than technologies. Technologies play the role to support making decisions during industrys whole phases.

Business Environment
Construction Management has emerged as a strong alternative to traditional construction contracting procedures. Construction manager represent owners profits in the current construction industry that is getting more complicated and specialized. Construction management treats the project planning, design, and construction phases as integrated tasks. So, construction managers great role is to understand each specialized areas and to make diverse information into optimized information while reducing resources and making more benefits.

Business Environment
Example : Market share of CM type contracts.
Design-bidbuild 19% CM at risk 30%

Design-build 4%

Competitive sealed proposals 46%

CM Agent 1%

Directly or indirectly, construction management plays a big role in 81% of projects.

Texas K-12 and public higher education projects

(source: Effects of State Legislation on Contracting Methods of Public Schools and Universities)

Business Environment
Relationships of project teams at CM at Risk
Contractual: Owner Functional: Owner

Designer
Designer Construction Manager Independent Contractors (Source: Professional Construction Management) Construction Manager

Independent Contractors

Existing Processes
Existing Working Processes
Planning Process Preliminary Studies Design Process Plans and Specifications

Constructability, Procurability, Commissioning, Operability, Maintainability, Health, Sustainability Analyses during Planning and Design

Construction Process

Evaluation of Project Construction Performance

Plans and Specifications

Operations & Maintenance Process

Evaluation of Facility Operation Performance

Existing Processes
Current Used Technologies
Planning Phase Owner Team
1. Assessment & Objectives Setting 2. Preliminary, planning & Funding 3. Project Definition Package

(Engineers/Architects) 1. Conceptual / Schematic Design 2. Design Development 3. Contract Documents

Design Phase Design Team

(Construction Managers /General Contractors/Subcontractors)

Construction Phase Construction Team

Operation Phase Operations Team

(Users/Operators) 1. Operation/Manageme nt / Maintenance 2. End of Service Life Decision

1. Bid or Negotiate, & Award 2. Construction Planning 3. Execution 4. Start-up

Technologies

For Drafting & Rendering AutoCAD, ArchiCAD 3D-Studio, FormZ

For Planning Primavera Project Planning, MS Project

For Estimating
Dodge, MS Excel For Contracting Primavera Expedition

Existing Processes
Project Documentation Problems

(Source: CIFE Summer Program)

Existing Processes
Current Process-Issues / Problems

(Source: CIFE Summer Program)

Existing Processes
Current Technologies and Processes Problems
Lack of understanding Danger not to reflect owners intend. Inefficient work due to misunderstanding about projects.

Not integrated data between each applications Rework to interpret. Problems caused by misunderstanding different areas works.

2. Available and suitable information technologies

Conditions of new information technologies
Available and suitable technologies Process model Advantages Assessment of the technologies Benefit Obstacle

Conditions of new alternative technologies

1. They can be easily understood without special training. Owner needs to know whats going on.
2. They are also easily understood by computer. The information has to be understood by both people and computer. 3. They must integrate each areas tasks. We need the tool that can reduce meaningless works like counting numbers or copying data.

Available and suitable information technologies

1. 4D CAD System 4D CAD system is for integrating the information within the design and construction phases.
4D CAD is now been developing to 1. manage and minimize risk throughout all stages of a construction project 2. effectively communicate the design, schedule, and other project data 3. rapidly explore design and construction alternatives
(By Martin Fischer, Kathleen McKinney Liston)

Available and suitable information technologies

Applications based on 4D CAD The prototype of 4D CAD developed by 4D CAD research team of Stanford University. ProVis developed by VIRCON Revit developed by AutoDesk

2. Information networking - VERA

Available and suitable information technologies

Process Model of 4D-CAD Models
Start with
.P3 file Primavera Prototype developed to import VRML files and schedule content and provide basic 4D functionality in an on-line environment

Ended with:
VRML 4D

.pm

VRML 4D -Appli. Egg.wrl file

.VFD

-Applet

Multigen AutoCAD dwg files AutoCAD dxf Alias Wavefront .EGG

VRML translator

Cave

Internal translator was updated for input into Java/4D application

Hierarchical 3D file format Commercial tool Prototype 4D tools

Application was written to import VFD format into CAVE to generate relationships between 3D components and activities

(Source: CIFE Summer Program)

Available and suitable information technologies

System Architecture of 4D-CAD (Pro Vis)
Information Structure (Uniclass)
AutoCAD VBA 4D Simulator (ProVis) VBA RDBMS (SQL) VBA ODBC Spreadsheets Costing Models

MS Project

Virtual Reality User Interface (Source: VIRCON )

VBA: Visual Basic for Applications ODBC: Open Database Connectivity RDBMS: Relational Database Management System VBA: Visual Basic for Applications VBA: Visual Basic for Applications

Available and suitable information technologies

Advantages of 4D-CAD 1. To reduce time and cost from design to construction phases. 2. To help communications and understanding between each teams. 3. To improve the productivities and to reduce meaningless works.
As a result Owners can expect to save the cost and to get higher value. Each teams can expect to earn more money by improving their productivities.

Assessment of the Technologies

Benefits for owners To save the cost and time Better quality of a final product Better understanding about the project
Benefits for design teams To reduce planning time and cost To communicate with each teams easily To prevent errors and mistakes To reduce rework

Assessment of the Technologies

Benefits for construction manager teams To reduce the time and cost To build database easily To increase productivity To reduce wasted materials To expect constructability

Screenshot of InVIznOne

4D model of The Helsinki University of Technology

Screenshots of ProVis (1)

Screenshots of ProVis (2)

3. A framework target plan

The characters of the cases which adopted 4D-CAD
The cases implemented by 4D-CAD A long term IT adoption goals

The characters of the cases which adopted 4D-CAD

4D-CAD Cases (1)
Project Disneys California Adventure-Paradise Pier Paradise Pier-Seafood Restaurant Paradise Pier Hotel Faade Renovation Disney Concert Hall Hospital Lab/Office Facility Office Complex Facility type Amusement Facility Restaurant Hotel Renovation Concert Hall Hospital Lab/Office Complex Phase Project planning, Bid Construction Administration Planning, Construction Construction Construction Pre-Construction Bid Contract Value $200 Million $400 Million $100 Million $259 Million

Bay Street Project

Theatre

Planning, Construction

The characters of the cases which adopted 4D-CAD

4D-CAD Cases (2)
Project
Sequus Pharmaceuticals Pilot Plant School of Health, University of Teeside Westmorland Primary School, Stockport

Facility type
Multi-Purpose Educational Institute University Educational InstituteHigh School

Phase
Planning, Construction Planning, Construction Planning, Construction

Contract Value
-

The characters of the cases which adopted 4D-CAD

Post-Construction Analysis
Rountree Plumbing Process Piping/HVAC Wet Contract Value Increased Design Costs Number of Change Orders Reason for Change Orders $2,018,937 30% 6 4-Owner Requested 1-Value Engineering 1-Unforeseen Condition -1.0028% Significantly increased Dramatically reduced Same Expects greater return with increased use Paragon Mechanical HVAC Dry $1,071,237 20-30% 1 1-Owner Requested Rosendin Electric Electrical $488,414 20-30% 3 3-Owner Requested

Percentage of Total Cost Productivity Rework Profitability

0.9958% Much more Productive Minimal Same Expects greater return with increased use

0.9746% No Difference No Difference Less Increased design time with less benefit from coordination

(Source: Martin Fischer, CIFE)

The characters of the cases which adopted 4D-CAD

Based on the cases, 4D-CAD makes more values from the projects on following conditions.
The projects have Many stakeholders and players. Complicate functions. Large scales. and Need much more information. Adopt new technologies.

The cases implemented by 4D-CAD

The project of the mine facilities in Chile (1) Case study description A huge new copper concentrator facility to be built some 10 kilometers from the existing facilities It required A 9.6 kilometer overland conveyor An 164-kilometer pipeline to carry copper concentrate Living and recreation facilities for the approximately 7,500 workers on site The covered building to hold some 400,000 metric tons of ore

The cases implemented by 4D-CAD

The project of the mine facilities in Chile (2) Case Description (2) It also required A system of conveyor belt hoppers and chutes the rock and deliver it to an 11.6meter-in-diameter, 26,000-HP semiautogenous grinding mill, three 18,000-HP ball mills, and a set of 110 flotation cells.

The cases implemented by 4D-CAD

The project of the mine facilities in Chile (3)

The Model of the Case Study Project

The cases implemented by 4D-CAD

The project of the mine facilities in Chile (4)
Benefits Reduction of 10% in cost Reduction in schedule, from 18 to 16 months Improved design reflected in a reduction in errors during construction Reductions in uncertainty and risk reflected in 90% of fulfillment of the construction schedule

(Source: 4D-PS: Putting IT new work process into effect)

The cases implemented by 4D-CAD

The Bay Street Project Case, Emeryville, CA (1) Activities Start was 2D data and schedule with more than 200 activities for a office complex more than 1,000,000 SF. 252 hours of InVizOne 3D modeling services. 200 hours of InVizOne 4D modeling services.
Benefits Discovered opportunity to save $3 million in reduced cost for unexcavated courtyards Discovered opportunities to save $5 million in reduced cost overall

The cases implemented by 4D-CAD

The Bay Street Project Case, Emeryville, CA (2)

The Models of the Case Study Project

The cases implemented by 4D-CAD

As a result of the smooth communication and clear understanding between each player
$2,000,000 $1,800,000 $1,600,000 $1,400,000 $1,200,000 $1,000,000 $800,000 $600,000 $400,000 $200,000 $0

Value of Avoidable Change

$0

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

$3,000

$3,500

$4,000

$4,500

$5,000

Total Unplanned Change by Individual Facilities ($000)

(Source: Building Better by Building Virtually First)

A long term IT adoption goal

The impacts of 4D-CAD (1)

Construction
Schematic Programming Design Design Develop/ Construction Document

Operation

The Sequent Phases of the Project

A long term IT adoption goal

The impacts of 4D-CAD (2)
Subcontractor Owner Construction Manager

Subcontractor

Subcontractor

Subcontractor

Designer

4D-CAD Model & Libraries Contracting Flow of Information

4. Assess the expected costs of achieving the plan

The major expected costs at the industry aspect Collaboration between the players in the industry Data exchange
The minor expected costs at the firm aspect The investment on equipments The internal investment on the infrastructure Potential risks The implementation of adopting a new technology

The major expected costs at the industry aspect

Collaboration between each firms The hesitance to open own information E.g. drawings of a new high-tech elevator
The avoidance the rework due to feedback E.g. reworks to change finished plans due to the problems of other teams The responsibility problems E.g. whose responsibility about the costs due to the changing plans

The major expected costs at the industry aspect

The necessity to adjust the existing contract conditions As the concept of the construction is changing, the contract conditions have to be modified.

The major expected costs at the industry aspect

Data exchange The standardization problem
Data supporting system Internal supporting system e.g. AutoCADs libraries, Adobe Photoshops plug-in applications concept External supporting system Web Hub ASP solutions

The minor expected costs at the firm aspect

The investment on equipments New hardware and software Employees training
The internal investment on the infrastructure Organizational restructure Supporting system for new solutions The enough infrastructure to maximize the benefits of 4D-CAD

Potential risks
The whole implementation of 4D-CAD The lag time problem The resistance of peoples to the new technology The hidden costs

5. Analysis of the readiness of the CPM sector

The currently readiness of the implementation The current commercial applications The current rate of the automation
The impacts of the 4D-CAD The impacts in a short term The impacts in a long term

The currently readiness of the implementation

The current commercial applications Each sub-sectors have own applications The familiarness to the computer based works The fast rate of networking development The lack of linkage between each sub-setors
The current rate of the automation The most segments are already automated or being automated. The lack of linkage between planning and manufacturing

The impacts of the 4D-CAD

The impacts in a short term The limited implementation due to not fully integrated data A lot of modification manually due to lack of accurate logic to replace decision makings
The impacts in a long term The fully integration through planners, constructers and manufacturers To provide better quality controls To maximize the value of projects

6. A detailed plan for the next incremental step

The further IT adoptions goals of 4D-CAD Plan Design Procurement Finance Construction

The further IT adoptions goals of 4D-CAD

Plan The value analysis of the project The examination of the project executions
Design To provide whole information include product codes, specifications and etc Procurement To integrate local dealers who provide construction materials To order materials as the needs of the construction lead time

The further IT adoptions goals of 4D-CAD

Finance To reflect constructors finance status include loan cost, procurement cost and etc
Construction To improve quality controls To enhance construction productivity E.g. Mobile computing on construction site, quality control by image processing

References
1. US census Bureau (http://www.census.gov/epcd/www/97EC23.HTM) 2. Donald S. Barrie and Boyd C. Paulson, Professional Construction Management - 3rd Edition, McGraw Hill, 1992 3. K. Everette Sylvester, Effects of State Legislation on Contracting Methods of Public Schools and Universities, Forum on Construction Project Delivery for Texas Public Work, January 31, 2001 4. Construction Management Associations of America (http://www.cmaanet.org ) 5. 4D CAD Research (http://www.stanford.edu/group/4D/index.shtml) 6. CIFE Summer Program (http://www.stanford.edu/group/CIFE ) 7. 3D/4D Workshops (http://www.stanford.edu/group/4D/4dworkshop-main.htm ) 8. Construction Research Agenda Workshop ( http://www/ce/berkeley.edy/~tommelein/CEMworkshop.htm )

References
9. VIRCON ( http://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/vircon/ ) 10. K. Everette Sylvester, Effects of State Legislation on Contracting Methods of Public Schools and Universities, Forum on Construction Project Delivery for Texas Public Work, January 31, 2001 11. Robert A. Rodgers, A 4D-CAD implementation Utilizing JSPACE Schedule Simulator, Virginia Tech 12. Martin Fischer, 4D CAD: Learning from your virtual mistakes, Stanford University 13. Mark J. Clayton, Paul Teicholz, Martin Fischer, & John Kunz, Virtual components consisting of form, function and behavior, Automation in Construction 8, 1999, pp. 351-367. 14. Gijsbertus T. Luiten, Frits P. Tolman and Martin A. Fischer, Project-modeling in AEC to integrate design and construction, Computers in Industry 35, 1998, pp. 13-29.

References
14. Paul Teicholz, Vision of Future Practice, White paper on AEC Practice and Research Issues for the Future. 15. Peter Barrett, Construction management pull for 4D CAD, University of Salford. 16. Leonardo Rischmoller, 4D-PS: Putting an IT new work process into effect, Bechtel Group, Inc., June 12, 2002 17. Martin Fischer, Building better by building virtually first, Stanford University