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UV/Visible spectroscopy is a technique used to quantify the light that is absorbed and scattered by a sample (a quantity known as the extinction, which is defined as the sum of absorbed and scattered light). In its simplest form, a sample is placed between a light source and a photodetector, and the intensity of a beam of UV/visible light is measured before and after passing through the sample. These measurements are compared at each wavelength to quantify the samples wavelength dependent extinction spectrum. The data is typically plotted as extinction as a function of wavelength . Each spectrum is background corrected using a buffer blank to guarantee that spectral features from the buffer are not included in the sample extinction spectrum.
TEM image of spherical silver nanoparticles and its particle size distributions. Ag particles prepared from 1.1 mM AgNO3 solution.
(Left) Surface plasmon resonance where the free electrons in the metal nanoparticle are driven into oscillation due to a strong coupling with a specific wavelength of incident light. (Right) Dark field microscopy image of 60 nm silver nanoparticles
UV-Visible spectroscopy provides a mechanism to monitor how the nanoparticles change over time. When silver nanoparticles aggregate, the metal particles become electronically coupled and this coupled system has a different SPR than the individual particles. For the case of a multi-nanoparticle aggregate, the plasmon resonance will be red-shifted to a longer wavelength than the resonance of an individual nanoparticle, and aggregation is observable as an intensity increase in the red/infrared region of the spectrum. This effect can be observed in Figure, which displays the optical response of a silver nanoparticle solution destabilized by the addition of saline. Carefully monitoring the UV-Visible spectrum of the silver nanoparticles with time is a sensitive technique used in determining if any nanoparticle aggregation has occurred.
(Left) Extinction (scattering + absorption) spectra of silver nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 10-100 nm at mass concentrations of 0.02 mg/mL. (Right) Extinction spectra of silver nanoparticles after the addition of a destabilizing salt solution.
For silver nanoparticle solutions that have not agglomerated and have a spectral shape that is identical to the as-received suspension, the UV/Visible extinction spectra can be used to quantify the nanoparticle concentration. The concentration of silver nanoparticle solutions is calculated using the BeerLambert law, which correlates the optical density (OD, a measure of the amount of light transmitted through a solution) with concentration. Due to the linear relationship between OD and concentration, these values can be used to quantify the concentration of nanoparticle solutions.
QUANTITATIVE TREATMENT
Beers Law A 1 = e 1bc
e is molar absorptivity (unique for a given compound at l1) b is path length c concentration
BEERS LAW
source slit cuvette
detector
A = -logT = log(P0/P) = ebc T = Psolution/Psolvent = P/P0 Works for monochromatic light Compound x has a unique e at different wavelengths
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