Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
SCHEME OF EVALUATION
SR. NO. 1 2 EVALUATION CATEGORY Written Internal Test Report ( I to IV) Via Voice MARKS ALLOTTED 40 (15*4)=60 40 WEIGHTAGE OUT OF 40 15 10 05
Business Research Project 3 Written Assignments/ Class room Presentations Class Room Activities
100 (15*4)=60
15
60
10
TOTAL
Business RreserachNature & Scope
200
Prof. Parul Gupta
40
2
Session 3&4 LECTURE Research process; Problem identification & definition, Determination of information need
Session 5&6 LECTURE Hypothesis formulation Announcement - ASSIGNMENT 1 (Business research exe.) Session 7 LECTURE Developing research proposal
Session 8 - Class Room Presentations by all syndicates on Ass. 1 Submission - Assignment 1 (Business research exe. Report)
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 3
Research
A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge
What is Research?
The task of research is to generate accurate information for use in decision making. The emphasis of research is on shifting decision makers from intuitive information gathering to systematic and objective investigation. Research is defined as the systematic and objective process of gathering, recording and analyzing data for aid in making decisions
Prof. Parul Gupta 6
Objectives
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to explore new ideas. 2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. 3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated. 4. To establish a cause and effect relationship and test the relationship between two variables.
Characteristics of Research
1. Research begins with a problem in the form of a question in the mind of the researcher. 2. Research demands the identification of a problem, stated in clear, unambiguous terms. 3. Research requires a plan. 4. Research deals with the main problem through appropriate sub-problems. 5. Research seeks direction through appropriate hypotheses and is based upon obvious assumptions. 6. Research deals with facts and their meaning. 7. Research is circular.
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 9
2.
10
Nature of Research
a.BR- As an economic resource b BR- As a system of authority c. BR- As an activity of business management d. BR- As a Team effort e. BR- AS an art or science f. BR- As a profession g. BR- As an interdisciplinary system
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 12
13
14
1.Advertising Research
a. Motivation research b. Copy research c. Media research
a. Short range forecasting b. Long range forecasting c. Studies of business trends d. Pricing studies e. Plant and warehouse location studies f. product mix studies g. Acquisition Studies h. Export and international studies i. Others
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 16
17
18
19
e. Distribution channel studies f. Test markets g. Consumer panel operation h. Sales compensation studies I Promotional studies j. Others
20
21
22
It refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to obtain a solution for the same.
24
Selecting a problem
Following points to be avoided while selecting a problem, 1. Overdone Subject 2, Controversial subject 3. Too narrow and too vague problem 4. Unfeasible subject 5. Uneconomical and time consuming problem
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 26
a. Concomitant Variation (two things vary together) b. Time sequence of the variable (Occurrence of two variables) c. Cause variable (Reasons behind
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 29
Illustration
1) What sport matches your personality? Research questions 1. Sociability 2. Spontaneity 3. Discipline 4, Aggressiveness 5. Competitiveness 6. Mental focus 7. Risk taking
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 30
Variable s 1
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low *
2
3 4 5 6 7 Business RreserachNature & Scope * * * *
Prof. Parul Gupta
31
32
33
Define Research Problem & Research Objective [II] Review concepts and theories [II] Review previous research finding
FF
design)
[V] Collect data (Execution) F [VI] Analyze Data (Test Hypothesis) F
FF
34
Two steps are involved defining the research problem a. Understanding the problem thoroughly and b. Rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from analytical point of view
Techniques for preliminary investigation a. Situation Analysis b. Informal investigations Researcher can review two types of literature a. The conceptual literature b. The empirical literature
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 35
36
Approach
1. Discussion with colleagues and experts 2. Examination of data and records 3. Review of the same 4. Exploratory personal investigation which involves original field interviews
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 37
Research Design is the basic framework which provides guidelines for the rest of the research work. It is a map or a blueprint according to which the research is to be conducted.
38
39
Following points must be considered while selecting any of the research designs available 1. The means of obtaining the information 2. The availability and skills of the researcher and his staff 3. Time available 4. Cost factor 5. sampling plan
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 40
Sample design
A sample design is a definite plan determined before any data is actually collected for obtaining a sample from a given population
It provides answer to the following four questions; 1. What sampling unit should be studied ? 2. What should be the sample size? 3. What sample procedure should be used? 4. What contact method should be used
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 41
c. Tabulation
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 43
After successful completion of above operations following three steps are there to follow to complete Data analysis
1. Hypothesis Testing a. Chi Square b. F- test c. Z test
2. Generalization
3. Interpretation
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 44
45
46
HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
47
Hypothesis A tentative explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation. A hypothesis describes in concrete terms, in the form of a statement, what you expect will happen in your study.
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 48
Hypotheses can only be formulated after the researcher has gained enough knowledge regarding the nature, extent and intensity of the problem. Hypotheses should figure throughout the research process in order to give structure to the research.
Hypotheses are tentative statements/solutions or explanations of the formulated problem. Care should be taken not to over-simplify and generalize the formulation of hypotheses.
The research problem does not have to consist of one hypothesis only. The type of problem area investigated, the extent which encircles the research field are the determinating factors on how many hypotheses will be included in the research proposal.
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 49
stand a test; be expressed in clear language; be in accordance with the general theme of other hypotheses statements in the same field of study, and should be regarded as valid; be. coordinated with the theory of science; be a tentative answer to the formulated problem; be logical and simplistic; consider available research techniques (to be able to analyze and interpret the results); be specific; and Business RreserachProf. Parul Gupta
Nature & Scope
50
Be relevant to the collection of empirical phenomenon and not merely conclude value judgments
52
1.Decide what you want to explain: choose a dependent variable 2. Choose independent variables that also show variation 3. Think of multiple causes of the dependent variable
VARIABLES AND ATTRIBUTES Variable any entity that can take on different values. Anything that can be assigned a value.
Age can change. Nationality can differ. Variables are not always quantitative or numerical.
The variable sex or gender has two attributes: male and female. Or, The variable agreement might be defined as having five attributes: 1=strongly agree 2=disagree 3=neutral 4=agree Business RreserachProf. Parul Gupta 55 & Scope Nature5=strongly agree
TYPES of VARIABLES Independent Variable Dependent Variable Example Research question How could extended use of the Internet negatively affect college students academic performance? Extended use of the Internet negatively affects most college students academic performance
Independent variable = internet use attributes: high, moderate, low, none Dependent variable = Performance Attributes: Good, average, Bad
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 56
Variable Traits
A. Exhaustive
B. Mutually exclusive
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 57
TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
The prediction is that variables A and B are related. The only other possible outcome is that variables A and B are not related
The Null Hypothesis In statistics, a null hypothesis set up to be nullified or refuted which states that "there is no phenomenon". It is a hypothesis that is presumed true until statistical evidence in the form of a hypothesis test indicates otherwise H0:1 = 2 where: H0 = the null hypothesis 1 = the mean of population 1, and Business RreserachProf. Parul Gupta 60 2 Nature & Scope = the mean of population 2.
Denoted by HA or H1
Just opposite to Null Hypothesis H1: 1 = 2
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 61
you are investigating the effects of a new employee training program and that you believe one of the outcomes will be that there will be less employee absenteeism. Your two hypotheses might be stated something like this: The null hypothesis for this study is: HO: As a result of the XYZ company employee training program, there will either be no significant difference in employee absenteeism or there will be a significant increase. which is tested against the alternative hypothesis: HA: As a result of the XYZ company employee training program, there will be a significant decrease in employee absenteeism.
Business RreserachNature & Scope Prof. Parul Gupta 62
63
64
Assignment 1
65
66
67
The goal of a research proposal (RP) is to present and justify a research idea you have and to present the practical ways in which you think this research should be conducted.
68
Having decided on the research topic and defined a clear research question or set of questions, together with appropriate methods of seeking answers, you now need to convey your plan of research clearly in a research proposal. Research proposals serve a number of purposes. Among them: They convince others that your research is worth undertaking. They enable you to demonstrate expertise and competency in your particular area of study. They may serve as a contract between the researcher and her funders. They serve as a planning tool for the researcher
69
Regardless of your research area and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions: What you plan to accomplish, why you want to do it and how you are going to do it.
Prof. Parul Gupta 70
Title: It should be concise and descriptive Often titles are stated in terms of a functional relationship, because such titles clearly indicate the independent and dependent variables. However, if possible, think of an informative but catchy title. An effective title not only pricks the reader's interest, but also predisposes him/her favorably towards the proposal.
71
Abstract: It is a brief summary of approximately 300 words. It should include the research question, the rationale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findings.
72
Introduction:
The main purpose of the introduction is to provide the necessary background or context for your research problem try to place your research question in the context of either a current "hot" area, or an older area that remains viable. Secondly, you need to provide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, provide the contemporary context in which your proposed research question occupies the central stage. Finally, identify "key players" and refer to the most relevant and representative publications.
73
State the research problem, which is often referred to as the purpose of the study. Provide the context and set the stage for your research question in such a way as to show its necessity and importance. Present the rationale of your proposed study and clearly indicate why it is worth doing.
Briefly describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.
74
Identify the key independent and dependent variables of your experiment. Alternatively, specify the phenomenon you want to study. State your hypothesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or phenomenological research, you may not have any hypotheses. (Please do not confuse the hypothesis with the statistical null hypothesis.) Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to provide a clear focus. Provide definitions of key concepts. (This is optional.)
Prof. Parul Gupta 75
Literature Review
Ensures that you are not "reinventing the wheel". Gives credits to those who have laid the groundwork for your research. Demonstrates your knowledge of the research problem. Demonstrates your understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research question. Shows your ability to critically evaluate relevant literature information. Indicates your ability to integrate and synthesize the existing literature. Provides new theoretical insights or develops a new model as the conceptual framework for your research.
Convinces your reader that your proposed research will make a significant and substantial contribution to the literature (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).
Prof. Parul Gupta 76
literature reviews suffer from the following problems: Lacking organization and structure Lacking focus, unity and coherence Being repetitive and verbose Failing to cite influential papers Failing to keep up with recent developments Failing to critically evaluate cited papers Citing irrelevant or trivial references Depending too much on secondary sources
77
Methods (Methodology):
The Method section is very important because it tells your Research Committee how you plan to tackle your research problem In short, what actions are you going to take in order to answer the question? When will you know whether the hypothesis has been proven wrong, or has survived enough tests to be considered, for now, valid? Those tests and the way you are supposed to handle them to give rigor to your research is what is understood under methods.
Prof. Parul Gupta 78
Methods divide in qualitative (interviews, questionnaires) and quantitative (statistics, stuff that deals intensively with numbers) For quantitative studies, the method section typically consists of the following sections:
Design -Is it a questionnaire study or a laboratory experiment? What kind of design do you choose? Subjects or participants - Who will take part in your study ? What kind of sampling procedure do you use? Instruments - What kind of measuring instruments or questionnaires do you use? Why do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable? Procedure - How do you plan to carry out your study? What activities are involved? How long does it take?
79
Results: Discussion: you also need to mention the limitations and weaknesses of the proposed research, which may be justified by time and financial constraints as well as by the early developmental stage of your research area.
80
Failure to provide the proper context to frame the research question. Failure to delimit the boundary conditions for your research. Failure to cite landmark studies. Failure to accurately present the theoretical and empirical contributions by other researchers. Failure to stay focused on the research question. Failure to develop a coherent and persuasive argument for the proposed research. Too much detail on minor issues, but not enough detail on major issues. Too much rambling -- going "all over the map" without a clear sense of direction. (The best proposals move forward with ease and grace like a seamless river.) Too many citation lapses and incorrect references
81
SYNOPSIS
1. Statement of Problem
a. Hypothesis Formulation C. Data collection D. Analysis and presentation of data E. Limitation of study
83
84