Types of Projection

Perspective: When the human eye views a

scene, objects in the distance appear smaller than objects close by - this is known as perspective. While orthographic projection ignores this effect to allow accurate measurements, perspective definition shows distant objects as smaller to provide additional realism.

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2-D projection View point

3-D object

Projection rays
Perspective projection Projection plane

Engineering graphics are obtained by projection from the 3-D object to the viewing surface (the projection plane)

Perspective projection is useful for non technical communications

Perspective renderings for marketing, etc. are readily obtained with computer-aided drawing (CAD) systems

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Axonometric: prepared by the projection

of objects on the drawing surface so that they appear inclined with three sides showing and with horizontal and vertical distances drawn to scale but diagonal and curved lines distorted. (not to be confused with orthographic projection) used to create a pictorial drawing of an object, where the object is rotated along one or more of its axes relative to the plane of projection.

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Orthographic: projection of a single view of an object (as a view of the front) onto a drawing surface in which the lines of projection are perpendicular to the drawing surface and parallel to each other.

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Oblique:

In both oblique projection and orthographic projection, parallel lines of the source object produce parallel lines in the projected image. The projectors in oblique projection intersect the projection plane at an oblique angle to produce the projected image, as opposed to the perpendicular angle used in orthographic projection.

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Orthogonal (multiview) Bertoline, et al. Fig. 9.2

Axonometric

Oblique

Perspective

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Categories of orthographic projection

Orthographic projection
( Parallel projectors)

Orthogonal
Projectors Principal plane of object

Axonometric
Normal to projection plane Inclined to projection plane

Oblique
Inclined to projection plane Parallel to projection plane

Normal to projection plane Parallel to projection plane

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Third-angle orthogonal projection

Top view

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Top horizontal plane Glass projection box

First quadrant Third quadrant

Left side view

Left profile plane

Front vertical plane Front view

Third-angle orthogonal projection

horizontal plane

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horizontal plane
depth
vertical plane
depth behind vertical plane

width

left profile plane

depth

depth behind vertical plane

height below horizontal plane

top (plan ) view fron t view

left side view

height

left profile plane

vertical plane

Orthographic Projection:

Isometric Sketches from Orthographic Views

Sometimes you are asked to construct Isometric sketches from Orthographic views to develop visualization skills. The box method is one way to do this.
For some problems, the box method may not be very helpful.

Orthographic Projection:

Isometric Sketches from Orthographic Views

1.

Find the object's overall dimensions from the orthographic views and sketch that size box on isometric dot paper.

Orthographic Projection:

Isometric Sketches from Orthographic Views

2.

Sketch the top, front, and right side views in their appropriate locations on the box.

Orthographic Projection:

Isometric Sketches from Orthographic Views

3.

Add/remove lines until the view is complete.