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WiMax News Definitions Background & History Motivations and Objectives Deterrents Services and QoS Network Architecture Physical Layer & MAC Protocols Comparison of the Technologies Future of the Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Today Sprint and Clearwire put out a joint press release stating they had formed a joint venture that would be named Clearwire to build one WiMax network. This new company has received investments from the following companies: Google, Intel, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, and Bright House networks
These companies have combined together for a total investment of $3.2 billion They will receive an estimated 22% ownership of the company Sprint will maintain the largest share at 51% and Clearwire will control 27% The deal is estimated to be worth a total of $14.5 billion
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Definitions - LTE
Long Term Evolution is more commonly referred to as LTE LTE is the 4th generation network that was designed through the Third Generation
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Definitions - UMB
Ultra Mobile Broadband is commonly referred to as UMB UMB is the 4th Generation wireless broadband access network developed through the CDMA
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Definitions - WiMax
Mobile WiMax is short for Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access There is actually a difference between mobile WiMax and fixed WiMax
Today we are only going to talk about the mobile version of WiMax
WiMax is the 4th Generation wireless broadband access network developed by the IEEE It is the 802.16e or upcoming 802.16m standards It is an all IP network Many hardware manufacturers are already supporting WiMax due to its open standards. Some of the larger ones include Samsung, Motorola and Intel.
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Signals are modulated and demodulated using the Fast Fourier Transform SC-OFDM This is a single carrier equivalent of OFDMA Each transmission is given only one carrier
This allows the peak-to-average power to be lower thus increasing the capable average power of the power amplifier This is helpful because the user terminal is generally battery powered and this includes both battery life and range
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It is considered to be a 2.75G
Capable of speeds from 1 Mbit/s Reduced latency to 100 ms However just like GPRS, the main data use was text internet & downloading of reduced size pictures and music
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There are three different enhancements to HSPA, HSDPA, HSUPA and HSOPA
HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access It predominantly increases the download speed of the network. HSUPA stands for High Speed Uplink Packet Access It predominantly increases the upload speed of the network HSOPA stands for High Speed OFDM Packet Access This technology replaces the entire infrastructure of UMTS and replaces it with a new OFDM infrastructure It is a separate technology from LTE but is part of the overall picture. Most likely it will never be implemented but its technologies will be morphed into LTE
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Downlink Speed 384 kb.s 7.2 Mb/s 7.2 Mb/s 100 Mb/s 100 Mb/s
Uplink Speed 128 kb/s 384 kb/s 5.76 Mb/s 50 Mb/s 50 Mb/s
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broadband Internet
MP3 music downloads 3D gaming TV broadcasts Video and audio downloads
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Capable of producing speeds of 3.1 Mbit/s downlink and 1.8 Mbit/s uplink
Uses enhanced access channel MAC
Controls who sends and who receives and when
Low latency, below 50 ms Supports all the services of Rel 0 but adds higher quality video and faster loading times for streaming services
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Adds the ability to do High Definition video streaming, multiplayer online gaming, and replacement of home HSI and hotspots
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Physical Layer and Data Link Layer of the wired Ethernet standard
IEEE 802.11 is Wireless LAN & Mesh a.k.a. WiFi
It is a group of standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN) These typically operate in unlicensed spectrum bands located near 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.
Maximum range of WiFi is roughly 70m indoors using the 802.11n standard and is capable of
producing 74 Mbit/s
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frequency band
It divides these frequency bands into channels that are 22 MHz wide with 5 MHz spacing in between. WiFi networks consist of two main components. The Access Points (APs) and the clients. The AP continuously broadcasts its SSID or name every 100 ms at 1 Mb/s. Sending at 1 Mb/s ensures that all users are at least capable of sending at that speed. WiFi is not capable of collision detection. It instead does collision avoidance using RTS/CTS. It also uses acknowledgements to make sure that the packet is received. Generally WiFi networks connect back to a 802.3 Ethernet connection, but they can connect 2 devices to one another (AdHoc Networks) or connect a computer directly to the internet.
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802.11b
802.11g 802.11n
1999
2003
2.4 GHz
2.4 GHz
4.3 Mb/s
19 Mb/s 74 Mb/s
11 Mb/s
54 Mb/s 248 Mb/s
38 m
38 m 70 m
140 m
140 m 250 m
802.11y
23 Mb/s
54 Mb/s
50 m
5 km
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Motivations - LTE
Chosen European standard likely to be used throughout the world Large companies have committed to it
50 Mbps Uplink
Cost effective compared to UMTS based technologies Backwards compatible with all UMTS/GSM technologies High QoS for a wide range of applications
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Motivations - LTE
Can be deployed within existing GSM & UMTS frequency bands along side existing networks Can use only a portion of the frequency band in the beginning and then can take more
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Motivations - UMB
Motivations for EVDO Rev C (UMB) Backwards compatible with all CDMA 2000 Networks
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Motivations - WiMax
Time to market: Has already seen a small launch in the United States Clearwire
There have been discussions to morph WiMax into the LTE Umbrella and make it a stepping
stone to LTE This may be a play simply to discredit WiMax and make it sound inferior The newest revision of Mobile WiMax (802.16m) is expected from the IEEE sometime this
year and should bring the theoretical speeds for a mobile application up to a level of those
expected from LTE & UMB.
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Deterrents
Long Term Evolution (LTE) Time to market: Not expected to have a widespread deployment until 2012 Components not available until late 2009
4 years behind Mobile WiMax
Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) Time to market: Components first available in late 2009 to 2010. No corporate commitments throughout world Even the majority of current CDMA carriers have chosen other platforms Mobile WiMax Speeds are not up to the level of UMB & LTE Downlink capable of 46 Mb/s (without MIMO) Less than half that of UMB & LTE
*note that 802.16m is expected to raise these figures to 100 Mb/s and should be out sometime this year and available around 2010. Note this is still 2 years before LTE is expected to widely deployed.
Not officially classified as 4G by European standards due in part to insufficient speeds Unproven, a lot is riding on the success of Sprints consumer launch (XOHM) Success could lead to more build outs worldwide turning it into a global standard
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Deterrents
All three technologies face another crucial issue. Backhaul As speed increase the need for more and more leased lines increases. Fiber alleviates some pressure but is limited in roll outs and is relatively expensive. Alternative options include but are not limited to Microwave Fixed WiFi or WiMax Dark Fiber ADSL or SHDSL PDH or SDH/SONET infrastructures
E1/T1, E3, T3, STM-1/OC-3
Cable Coaxial lines None of these options is widely available in the U.S., Especially in the mass rural parts of the county. Sprint is supposedly using Microwave to provide the backhaul to their WiMax towers where fiber is not yet available.
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Spectrum Allocations
Long Term Evolution (LTE) 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz chunks Can operate in all 3GPP frequency bands in paired and unpaired spectrum allocations Can sit in the same band as existing 3GPP networks. Allows for LTE to be phased in while older technologies are phased out. Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) 1.25 MHz up to 20 MHz Mobile WiMax Any frequency below 66 GHz Fixed channel sizes of 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 7 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz. Mobile channel sizes of 5 MHz, 8.75 MHz and 10 MHz.
This does not phase Sprint or Clearwire as both have almost 120 MHz of spectrum in their areas, but smaller companies could face issues when only operating in 10 or 20 MHz blocks.
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This would give previously only mobile operators the ability to sell the very lucrative triple play that, up until now, only existing LEC and cable operators have been able to.
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[Source: UMTS Forum, "Standardising the future of mobile communications with LTE (Long Term Evolution)." Towards Global Mobile Broadband (2008): ]
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Network Architecture
[Source: Dahlman, Erik. 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband. First. London: ELSEVIER, 2007.]
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OFDMA
MIMO (2x2 or 2x4) ARQ within the RLC sub layer and HARQ within the MAC sub layer FDD & TDD SC-FDMA Up to 64 QAM DL and 16 QAM UL Turbo Coding (rate 1/3, 2 8 state constituent encoders and a contention-free internal
interleaver)
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SAE is relatively similar to the GPRS Core Network that includes some basic modifications.
Most notably a simplified architecture
Provides interference reduction through power control and link adaptation techniques A common node B. Acts as a common gateway for all of the access technologies that access the network Can support handoffs between both 3GPP networks and non-3GPP networks
This should allow legacy CDMA2000 operators to interface their old networks with LTE
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[Source: Myung, Hyung G.. "Technical Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)."2007.]
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CDMA
OFDMA MIMO SDMA FDD
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[Source: "UMB Network Architecture." Qualcomm Inc Dec 2007 02 Apr 2008 <7. http://www.qualcomm.co m/common/documents/w hite_papers/UMB_Netwo rk_Achitecture.pdf>. ]
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These spectrum allocations can be anywhere within the following licensed spectrum bands
2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.3GHz, 3.5GHz While WiMax can support both TDD and FDD, it is only truly supporting TDD at this point. The ability to do FDD should be built into a later revision.
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It is also important to get as much data throughput as possible through the connection
LTE uses up to 64 QAM for the downlink and up to 16 QAM for the uplink. In contrast, its broadcast only channel uses on BPSK. LTE also uses turbo coding for all transport blocks
Before the turbo coding, transport blocks are segmented into byte aligned segments with a
maximum information block size of 6144 bits. Error detection is supported by the use of 24 bit CRC.
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[Source: Myung, Hyung G.. "Technical Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)."2007.]
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Cell search is the protocol for when the mobile handset (terminal) finds a cell tower (cell)
that it potentially would like to communicate with The mobile handset needs to identify the cell tower and needs to estimate the frame timing of that cell tower.
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4. The network then sends a contentionresolution message to the terminal. This resolves and conflicts of multiple terminals attempting to access the same resources.
[Source: Dahlman, Erik. 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband. First. London: ELSEVIER, 2007.]
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[Source: Dahlman, Erik. 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband. First. London: ELSEVIER, 2007.]
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The mobile handset scans the nearby base stations and gathers a list of all the possible
base stations. It uses this information to determine if a handoff is necessary. Both the base station and mobile handset can decide to start the handoff
Once this decision is made the handset immediately starts communicating with the new
base station
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However this time the mobile handset communicates with all base stations
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[Source: Scheim, Jacob. "A comparison of two fourth generation technologies: WiMax and 3GPP-LTE."Comsys. 2006.]
*UMB simply states the use of the technologies. There is no mention on specifics for DL or U **Includes latest release of 802.16M not currently available
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References
Dahlman, Erik. 3G Evolution HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband. First. London: ELSEVIER, 2007. TIA, "cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification." TIA-856-A Apr 2004 Apr 2 2004 <http://www.tiaonline.org/standards/technology/cdma2000/documents/TIA-856A.pdf>. Gozalvez, J. "1. Ultra Mobile Broadband [Mobile Radio]." Vehicular Technology Magazine, IEEE Mar 2007: "3G - Ultra Mobile Broadband." CDG : Technology. 2008. CDG. 2 Apr 2008 <http://www.cdg.org/technology/3g_umb.asp>. ABI Research, " A Poor Market Outlook for Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) Says ABI Research, but Qualcomms Future Still Secure." Business Wire 28 Dec 2007: "UMB Network Architecture." Qualcomm Inc Dec 2007 02 Apr 2008 <7. http://www.qualcomm.com/common/documents/white_papers/UMB_Network_Achitecture.pd f>. " ULTRA MOBILE BROADBAND (UMB) SPECIFICATION IS PUBLISHED." CDG : Mews & Events. CDG. 2 Apr 2008 <http://www.cdg.org/news/press/2007/Sep24_07.asp>. "CDMA Buzz-Words EV-DO Rev C as UMB." PhoneNews.com 05 Dec 2006 02 Apr 2008 <http://www.phonenews.com/cdma-buzz-words-ev-do-rev-c-as-umb-1615/>.
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References
"What Is cdma2000?." cdma2000 Technology Family: 1xRTT, EVDO, UMB, and EVDV 02 Apr 2008 <http://eogogics.com/talkgogics/tutorials/cdma2000>. UMTS Forum, "Standardising the future of mobile communications with LTE (Long Term Evolution)." Towards Global Mobile Broadband (2008): Wikipedia. 2 Apr 2008 <http://wikipedia.org/>. Scheim, Jacob. "A comparison of two fourth generation technologies: WiMax and 3GPPLTE."Comsys. 2006. Litwin, Louis. "The principles of OFDM."RF Signal Processing. 2001. Myung, Hyung G.. "Technical Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)."2007. Li, Bo. "A Survey on Mobile WiMAX."Wireless Broadband Access. 2007. Scrase, Adriane. "Overview of the Current Status of 3GPP LTE."ETSI. 2008. Collins, Gerry. "The Business Case for LTE."Nortel. 2007. Laine, Michael Steve Stanley . "3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution)."University of Kansas. 2008.
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Questions?
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