Introduction Power in Wireless Networks

Main disadvantage in CDMA

Capacity of CDMA System Power Control Schemes

Code Division Multiple Access

Narrowband message signal multiplied with spreading signal Unique Pseudo Random Noise code given to each userorthogonal to other users Correlation at receiver- Detection of specific code word

Narrowband Data Signal (Voice)

Wideband Transmitted Signal

Pseudo Random code

PN Sequence of user X

Hi

Transmission through same channel

Hello

PN Sequence of user Y

PN Sequence of user X Hi

No Interference ideally Hello

PN Sequence of user Y

Users in CDMA share same frequency band CDMA is Interference limited

Increase in interference Decrease in capacity of system

Power control Interference reduced Capacity increased with sufficient Quality of Service(QoS)

 Path losses occur when signal propagates from transmitter to receiver

According to Free Space Propagation Loss(FSPL) theory,

S = Pt( 1/4d )
2

S - power per unit area at distance d Pt - total power transmitted For an isotropic antenna

Pr-received power

Pr= S ( /4)

FSPL = Pt/Pr

Users transmitting signals with same power near end masks weak signal from far end.

strong signal from

Near Far Effect

Near mobile unit

Far mobile unit

Single Cell

Multiple Cell

Single Cell

Multiple Cell

 Forward link

coherent demodulation by pilot carrier

Performance superior to reverse link

Reverse link non coherent reception, non coordinated, independent fading of all users.
Hence emphasis is made on reverse link capacity.

RMS power RMS power Reduction Var. (%) Var. dB in Users (%)
0 10 20 30 40 0 -0.4,+0.4 -1,+0.4 -1.5,+0.8 -2.2,+1.5 0 2 10 25 50

 Uses Directional antennas with 1200 beam width Figure shows the radiation pattern of a sector with 1200 beam width

 Each site uses 3 such antennas

On an average, number of users can be increased by a factor of 5 to 6

Open Loop Power Control

Types

Closed Loop Power Control

Hence, good signal will be received at base station

Signal at antenna is weak

Antenna receives some power

About 1000 times per sec

Adjusts the power based upon the command signal

Sends command signal based upon the received power

Loses are less

Continued until power is controlled at both the ends

Commands to Reduce the power

Losses are more

Commands to increase the power

 Users in CDMA use same frequency band Practically combination of open and closed loop power control schemes is desired Power control Interference minimized Capacity increased

1. Akinniyi, A.R., Lehnert, J.S. Characterization of Noncoherent spread spectrum multiple access communications IEEE transaction on communication. Vol. 42, No. 1, January, 1994. 2. Felhaure, T. Klein, A. and Baier, P.W. A low cost method for CDMA and other application to separate non orthogonal signals IEEE transaction on communication. 3. Grandhi.S Centralized power control in cellular radio systems Trans.On Vehicular tech. vol.42 No. 4, November, 1993. 4. www.cdmaonline.com

5. www.itr.unisa.edu.au/research/publications/thesis
6. www.cdmaonline.com 7. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org