IP Addressing

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IP Addressing
Basic Addressing

Working with Addresses

Summarization & Subnets VLSM Working with VLSM Networks Classful Addressing Working with Classful Addressing

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Basic Addressing

IP addresses are written in dotted decimal format. Four sections are separated by dots. Each section contains a number between 0 and 255.

Dots separate the sections

10.1.1.1

Each section contains a number between 0 and 255

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Basic Addressing
Why is each section a number between 0 and 255?
Computers operate in binary, humans operate in decimal. Computers treat IP addresses as a single large 32 digit binary number, but this is hard for people to do. So, we split them up into four smaller sections so we can remember and work with them better!

Dots separate the sections

10.1.1.1

Each section contains a number between 0 and 255 Why????

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Basic Addressing
10.1.1.1

32/4 == 8.
28 = 256. But, computers number starting at 0, so to make a space of 256 numbers, we number from 0 to 255.

00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001

8 32

Each 8 digit group represents a number between 0 and 255

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Basic Addressing
Each device on a network is assigned an IP address.

Each IP address has two fundamental parts:

The network portion, which describes the physical wire the device is attached to. The host portion, which identifies the host on that wire.

10.1.1.1
00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001

Network

Host

How can we tell the difference between the two sections?

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Basic Addressing
The network mask shows us where to split the network and host sections. Each place there is a 1 in the network mask, that binary digit belongs to the network portion of the address. Each place there is a 0 in the network mask, that binary digit belongs to the host portion of the address.

10.1.1.1
00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

255.255.255.0

Network

Host

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Basic Addressing
10.1.1.1
00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001

An alternative set of terminology is:

The network portion of the address is called the prefix. The host portion of the address is called the host. The network mask is expressed as a prefix length, which is a count of the number of 1s in the subnet mask.

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

Prefix

Host

= 24

10.1.1.1/24

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Basic Addressing
The network address is the IP address with all 0s in the host bits. The broadcast address is the IP address with all 1s in the host bits. Packets sent to either address will be delivered to all the hosts connected to the wire.

10 00001010
prefix

1 1 000000011 00000001

0/24 00000000
host

these bits are 0, so this is the network address 10 00001010 prefix 1 1 000000011 00000001 255/24 11111111 host

these bits are 1, so this is the broadcast address

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Working with Addresses

Two of the most common questions you are going to face when dealing with IP addresses are:
Whats the network?
Whats the host?

192.168.100.80/26 ????

How dow we figure this out?

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Working with Addresses (The Hard Way)

First, convert the IP address into binary. This is easier than it looks.
192 96

divide by 2 remainder divide by 2 remainder divide by 2

48
24 12 6 3 1 0

0 0 0 0 0

Work with one octet at a time.

Divide by two, farm out the remainder on the side.

remainder
divide by 2 remainder divide by 2 remainder divide by 2 remainder divide by 2 remainder divide by 2 remainder

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Left
12

The bottom is the binary MSD, the top the binary LSD.

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Right

Working with Addresses (The Hard Way)

Write down the IP address. If you have a prefix length, just wrote down the number of 1s. If you have a network mask, computer the binary as with the IP address. AND these two. Convert back to dotted decimal. This is the network address.
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11000000 10101000 01100100 01010000 192 168 100 80 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 8 +8 +8 +2 == 26

11000000 10101000 01100100 01000000 192 168 100 64

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Working with Addresses (The Hard Way)

Write down the IP address.

11000000 10101000 01100100 01010000 192 168 100 80

If you have a prefix length, just wrote down the number of 1s. If you have a network mask, computer the binary as with the IP address.
NOR these two.

11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 8 +8 +8 +2 == 26

00000000 00000000 00000000 00010000

Convert back to dotted decimal. This is the host address.

16

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Working with Addresses (The Hard Way)

128 1 0 128 0

To convert from binary to decimal, use a simple chart.

Add the number indicated for each 1 set in the binary number.

64

32
16 8 4 2 1

1
0 1 0 0 0

32
0 8 0 0 0 168

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Working with Addresses (The Easy Way)

First, if you are using a network mask, convert it to a prefix length.

192 == 11000000 255.255.255.192 8 +8 +8 +2 == 26

For each octet in the network mask that is 255, add 8 to the prefix length.
For the one octet that isnt 255, convert to binary and add the right number of bits--or use a chart!

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Working with Addresses (The Easy Way)

Take the prefix length and divide by 8. Take the resulting number, and ignore those octets out of the IP address-these are all part of the network address! Were going to use the remainder to find the fourth octet of the network address.

192.168.100.80/26
These three octets are part of the network

26/8 == 3 (remainder 2)
The remainder tells us what the network address in the fourth octet is

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Working with Addresses (The Easy Way)

Take the remainder, and find the corresponding multiple on the chart; in this case, 64. The largest multiple of 64 that will fit into 80 is 64, so the network is 64.
Remainder == 2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

Add the three octets we set aside earlier, and the network (prefix!) is 192.168.100.64/26. 80 - 64 == 16, so the host address is 16.

64 x 1 == 64 64 x 2 == 128 Network is 64! 192.168.100.64/26 80 - 64 == 16 16 Hosts!

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Working with Addresses (The Easy Way)

How many hosts are in this network? The remainder tells us there are 64 addresses, minus the network and broadcast addresses, so 62 hosts.
To find the broadcast address, subtract 1 from the number of hosts, and add that number to the network address. The key is to work in octets, rather than trying to work with the entire IP address at once! Remainder == 2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

64 addresses 64 - 2 == 62 hosts
64 + (64 - 1) == 127 192.168.100.127 is the broadcast address

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Working with Addresses (The Easy Way)

What if the prefix length is less than 24?

192.168.100.80/22
These three octets are part of the network

Take the prefix length and divide by 8.

Take the resulting number, and ignore those octets out of the IP address-these are all part of the network address! Were going to use the remainder to find the third octet of the network address.

22/8 == 2 (remainder 6)
The remainder tells us what the network address in the third octet is

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Working with Addresses (The Easy Way)

Take the remainder, and find the corresponding multiple on the chart; in this case, 4.
The largest multiple of 64 that will fit into 80 is 64, so the network is 64. Add the two octets we set aside earlier, and make any octets after the network 0s (the fourth octet). The network (prefix!) is 192.168.100.0/22.
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Remainder == 6
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

4 x 25 == 100 4 x 26 == 104 Third octet is 100! Set the fourth octet to 0. 192.168.100.0/22

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Working with Addresses (The Easy Way)

To find the number of hosts, take the number of octets set to 0, which is 1 in this case (the fourth octet), and multiply by 256. Next, take the number relating to the remainder from the chart, and multiple this by the number we just found above.
0 octets == 1 1 x 256 == 256 Remainder == 6
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

4 x 256 == 1024 1024 2 == 1022 hosts

Subtract two.

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Working with Addresses (The Easy Way)

The key is to work in octets, rather than trying to work with the entire IP address at once!

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Summarization & Subnets

A single network address (prefix!) represents a set of hosts attached to a wire.
We can abstract this, and simply say that a prefix represents a set of reachable addresses. We can say that weve summarized information about the hosts attached to the physical wire by referring to the entire group as a single network.
10.1.1.2 10.1.1.4 10.1.1.7 10.1.1.8
24

10.1.1.0/26

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Summarization & Subnets

In effect, weve shortened the network part of the address (prefix!), and lengthened the host portion of the address, in effect describing more hosts (destinations) in a single address. If we can shorten the prefix length to describe multiple hosts with a single network address, why cant we shorten the prefix length so a single network address describes two networks? We can! Its called address summarization, or just summarization.
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10.1.1.2/32 10.1.1.4/32 10.1.1.7/32 10.1.1.8/32 10.1.1.0/26 10.1.1.64/26 10.1.1.0/25

These host addresses are described by this network These networks are described by this network
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Summarization & Subnets

10.1.1.0 through 10.1.1.31.

10.1.1.32 through 10.1.1.63.

00001010 10 11111111 00001010 10 11111111

00000001 1 11111111 00000001 1 11111111

00000001 1 11111111 00000001 1 11111111

00000000 0 11000000 01000000 64 11000000

10.1.1.0 through 10.1.1.63, so its the same space!

00001010 00000001 00000001 00000000 10 1 1 0

11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000

Changing the mask bit from 1 to 0, which shortens the prefix length, means the bit in the two networks that distinguish them from one another are now considered host bits!
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Summarization & Subnets

10.1.1.2/32 10.1.1.4/32 10.1.1.7/32 10.1.1.8/32 10.1.1.0/26 10.1.1.64/26 10.1.1.0/25 These host addresses are subnets of this network These networks are subnets of this network
27

A network which is a part of another network is called a subnet. There is another term, the supernet, but its definition depends on whether you are using VLSM subnetting, or calssful subnetting, so it will be defined in the next two sections.

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VLSM

VLSM: Variable Length Subnet Masking It simply means that the entire IP address space is treated as one flat address space. Any prefix length is allowed in the network at any point.

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/25 10.1.2.128/26 10.1.2.192/27

All of these are valid in the same network!

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VLSM
At this point, you pretty much already know VLSM! You already know how to find the network address, broadcast address, and number of hosts in a network. Two other common problems in working with VLSM networks remain:
Building summary addresses from groups of networks. We wont cover this here (maybe later in routing). Building network addressing schemes from a given number of hosts and networks.

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Working with VLSM Networks

You have 5 subnets with the following numbers of hosts on them: 58, 14, 29, 49, 3
You are given the address space 10.1.1.0/24. Determine what subnets you could use to fit these hosts into it. How to solve this:
Start with the chart! Order the networks from the largest to the smallest.

Find the smallest number in the chart that will fit the number of the largest number of hosts + 2.
Continue through each space needed until you either run out of space, or you finish.

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Working with VLSM Networks

58, 14, 29, 49, 3: reorder to 58, 49, 29, 14, 3. Start with 58. Smallest number larger than (58 + 2) is 64. 64 is 2 bits. 24 bits of prefix length in the address space given, add 2 for 26. First network is 10.1.1.0/26.

8 7 6 5 4

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

32 < (58 + 2) < 64 24 + 2 == 26 10.1.1.0/26 takes care of the first 58 hosts Start the next block at 10.1.1.64

The next network is 10.1.1.0 + 64, so we start the next round at 10.1.1.64.

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Working with VLSM Networks

Next block is 49 hosts. Smallest number larger than (49 + 2) is 64. 64 is 2 bits. 24 bits of prefix length in the address space given, add 2 for 26. We start this block at 10.1.1.64, so network is 10.1.1.64/26. The next network is 10.1.1.64 + 64, so we start the next round at 10.1.1.128.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

32 < (49 + 2) < 64 24 + 2 == 26 10.1.1.64/26 takes care of the next 49 hosts Start the next block at 10.1.1.128

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Working with VLSM Networks

Next block is 29 hosts. Smallest number larger than (29 + 2) is 32. 32 is 3 bits. 24 bits of prefix length in the address space given, add 3 for 27. We start this block at 10.1.1.128, so network is 10.1.1.128/27.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

16 < (29 + 2) < 32 24 + 3 == 27 10.1.1.128/27 takes care of the next 29 hosts Start the next block at 10.1.1.160

The next network is 10.1.1.128 + 32, so we start the next round at 10.1.1.160.

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Working with VLSM Networks

Next block is 14 hosts. Smallest number larger than (14 + 2) is 16. 16 is 4 bits (actually equal, but it still works!). 24 bits of prefix length in the address space given, add 4 for 28. We start this block at 10.1.1.160, so network is 10.1.1.160/27. The next network is 10.1.1.160 + 16, so we start the next round at 10.1.1.176.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

(14 + 2) == 16 24 + 4 == 28 10.1.1.160/28 takes care of the next 14 hosts Start the next block at 10.1.1.176

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Working with VLSM Networks

Last block is 3 hosts. Smallest number larger than (3 + 2) is 8. 8 is 5 bits. 24 bits of prefix length in the address space given, add 5 for 29. We start this block at 10.1.1.176, so network is 10.1.1.176/29. This is the last block of hosts, so were done!

8 7 6 5 4

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

4 < (5 + 2) < 8 24 + 5 == 29 10.1.1.176/29 takes care of the next 14 hosts

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Working with VLSM Networks

subnets
subnet
36

A subnet is any network which is part of a larger network space.

A supernet is any network which covers a larger space than a given network, including the space covered by the network.

supernet

10.1.0.0/23
10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 10.1.2.0/25 10.1.2.128/25 10.1.2.128/26

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supernet

supernet

subnets

Classful Addressing

Classful subnetting is similar to VLSM, with two more rules:

The IP address space is divided into classes, with each class having a specific natural prefix length. Each block of address space is called a major net. You cannot have more than one prefix length within a major net.

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Classful Addressing
Network Class Beginning Digits in Binary Natural Range of Prefix Addresses Length Example Major Networks

Class A

10XX

1.0.0.0/8 through 126.0.0.0/8

128.0.0.0/16 through 191.0.0.0/16 192.0.0.0/24 through 223.0.0.0/24

11.0.0.0/8 100.0.0.0/8 120.0.0.0/8

130.1.0.0/16 148.45.0.0/16 190.100.0.0/16 193.1.3.0/24 193.1.4.0/24 192.2.5.0/24

Class B

110X

16

Class C

1110

24

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Classful Addressing

Its illegal to have multiple network masks within a single major network. There cannot be a mix of /24s and /25s in the 10.0.0.0/8 major network. There cannot be a mix of /25s and /26s in the 11.0.0.0/8 network.

10.1.1.0/24 10.1.2.0/24 10.1.3.0/25 10.1.3.128/25 11.1.1.0/25 11.1.1.128/26

two different prefix lengths in the same major network

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Working with Classful Addressing

You can find the network address, broadcast address, and number of hosts as we described earlier. You can find the number of networks by subtracting the network mask from the natural mask, and then using the chart.

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Working with Classful Addressing

10.1.1.0/25 is in the 10.0.0.0 class A major network.

10.1.1.0/25
10.0.0.0/8 is class A

The natural prefix length for a class A network is /8.

Subtract the natural prefix length from the actual prefix length. Divide by 8, holding the remainder on the side.

25 8 == 17 17/8 == 2, 1 remaining

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Working with Classful Addressing

Find the remainder in the power of twos chart. Multiply the result, 256, and the number from the power of twos chart. Subtract 2.
65536 2 == 65534 networks 10.1.1.0/25
10.0.0.0/8 is class A

25 8 == 17 17/8 == 2, 1 remaining

(256 x 2) x 128 == 65536

8 7 6 5 4

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

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Working with Classful Addressing

10 00001010 natural network 0 00000000 natural host 0 00000000 0/24 00000000

Subnet 0
The network with all the between the host and the natural major net set to 0. This only exists in classful addressing schemes.

configured these bits are 0, so this is subnet 0 network

10.0.0.0/16 10.0.1.0/16 172.31.0.0/24

Yes No Yes

172.31.1.0/24
192.168.100.0/25

No
Yes

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Working with Classful Addressing

10 00001010 natural network 255 11111111 natural host 255 11111111 0/24 00000000

Broadcast Subnet
The network with all the bits between the host and the natural major network set to 1.

configured these bits are 1, so this is the network broadcast network 10.255.0.0/16 10.255.0.0/24 172.31.255.0/24 Yes No Yes

This only exists in calssful address schemes.

172.31.255.0/25
192.168.100.128/25

No
Yes

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Working with Classful Addressing

You have 5 subnets with the following numbers of hosts on them: 58, 14, 29, 49, 3 You are given the address space 10.1.0.0/22. Determine what subnets you could use to fit these hosts into it. How to solve this:
Start with the chart! Find the largest set of hosts.

Find the smallest number in the chart that will fit the number of the largest number of hosts + 2.
Use that prefix length for all the subnets (remember you cannot have different subnet masks within the same major network).
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Working with Classful Addressing

A subnet is any prefix with a prefix length longer than the natural prefix length of the major network.
A supernet is any prefix with a prefix length shorter than the natural prefix length of the major network.

172.18.1.0/24 10.2.0.0/9 172.34.0.0/15 192.168.44.64/25 192.168.44.0/23

Subnet Subnet Supernet Subnet Supernet

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Private & Special Address Space

Address Space 10.0.0.0/8 Range of Addresses 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0/19
192.168.0.0/16 Network Class Class D (Multicast) Class E (Experimental)

172.16.0.0 through 172.31.0.0

192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255 Beginning Digits in Binary 11110x 11111x Range of Addresses 224.0.0.0 through 239.255.255.255 240.0.0.0 through ....

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Cisco IOS Show IP Route

2651A#sho ip route .... Gateway of last resort is not set two different prefix lengths under the same major network

C 208.0.12.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/2 .... S 208.1.10.0/24 [1/0] via 208.0.12.11 .... 144.2.0.0/16 is variably subnetted, 2 subnets, 2 masks S 144.2.2.0/24 [1/0] via 208.0.12.11 S 144.2.3.0/29 [1/0] via 208.0.12.11 C 208.0.7.0/24 is directly connected, Serial0/0 C 208.0.6.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C 208.0.0.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 S 208.1.0.0/16 [1/0] via 208.0.12.11 a supernet and natural mask in the same network address space

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