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Training and pruning in grapes Training Being a vine crop, training is essential for grapes.
Head system
Advantages of this system are
easiness, inexpensiveness, suitability in high density planting and possibility of inter cultivation but yield per vine is usually low. This method is especially suitable for less vigorous varieties producing
fruitful shoots from basal buds such as Beauty Seedless, Delight, and Perlette. Single shoot is allowed to grow from newly planted vines, removing side shoots if
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Heading back the main single stem at a height of 1.2 metres permits side shoots.
In general, four laterals at about 75 cm above ground level, in all directions are retained after removing all other shoots produced.
Later two secondaries from each lateral are allowed. Vines trained on head system have bushy shape, occupy less space and can be adopted for high density planting vineyards.
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Kniffin system
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A four-cane system named after Mr. William Kniffin of New York who developed this method during 1850.Vine is allowed to grow single stemmed up to one meter and then two arms are allowed on either side using horizontal trellises.
Second pair of arms is allowed at 50 cm above the lower layer, thus a total of four arms are maintained per vine.
Bearing shoots are seen hanging freely without any need for tying.
Main disadvantage in Kniffin system is that lower arms become unproductive after a few years.
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o From the second year onwards, the Erythrina indica plnats are
also regularly pruned twice a year at the time of pruning grapevine.
o In October pruning, the canes are headed back to 3-4 buds per
cane.
o These buds will be producing the fruiting shoots during spring and
produce crop during summer.
o After harvest of fruits during April, the October spurs together with
growths are pruned to foundation or renewal spurs viz., pruned back to a single bud.
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There after, the type of pruning given in October April is repeated every year. After three such cycles (3 years), when the main trunk of the vine becomes sufficiently thick, a strong cane is selected at the time of October pruning and retained as further extension of trunk. This extension cane is tied horizontally on bamboo stake tied on Erythrina plants along the rows. Instead of bamboo stakes, trellis wire of Single stake system GI can also be used. This system is suitable for varieties which The spacing recommended bear at shorter cane like Bhokri and not to be adopted for this system for varieties that bear in longer canes. is 2.4 M x 2.4M. It is a common system in Western India.
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Two vigorous shoots in opposite direction are maintained initially as primary arms and three laterals spaced at 60 cm are developed on both sides as secondary arms on each primary shoot, thus there will be 12 secondary arms on each vine.
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Teritiaries will be allowed at 8-10 numbers per secondary arm, which after maturity constitute the fruiting canes. Bower system is suitable for almost all varieties especially for vigorous ones like Anab-e-Shahi and Bhokri. This is widely adopted in tropics throughout world to exploit the full productive potential of vines, which show apical dominance under tropics. Though initial cost for establishing the pandal is higher, yields from vines on this system are also higher mainly due to large fruiting area provided. It is possible to develop as many as 10 shoots/ m2 by subdividing the apices growing in horizontal plain.
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facilitates the harvest of successive crops at an interval of 5 months. The crops get enough sunshine uniformly development. for their proper
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PRUNING
Pruning is the most important operation to encourage fruiting
simultaneously maintaining the vigour of vine. The yield of grapes is dependent to a larger extent on the method of pruning. Different varieties require different systems of pruning depending up to their vigour and bearing habit. Grape vine is a past season bearer. The flower buds are differentiated in the previous season itself in a cane. The lateral mixed buds which have differentiated into flower bud will be released as a shoot (current season growth) possessing leaves and inflorescence. This shoot is going to mature and become cane for the next
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season.
After building the canopy spread on the supporting system by proper trainng, the vines should be pruned once or twice in a year depending upon the climatic conditions in a locality. In the mild tropical region, vines are pruned twice and the crop is harvested twice. In varieties like Gulabi and Bangalore Blue which are fairly resistant to rain damage and in which cloudy weather and rains do not impair bud differentiation, pruning is done at one time of the year. As a result, five crops are harvested every two years. The growers adopt a pruning level of 4-5 bud level for pruning of all the matured canes which results in more exploitation of reserved food material leading to loss of vigour, quality and early setting of senility in the vines. In Pacha Dhiraksha, pruning shoots to 4 or 5 buds for summer crop and 3 or 4 buds for monsoon crop is recommended.
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Season of pruning
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Season of pruning and buds to be retained on canes are important factors to be considered. Growth behavior of grape vine differs in tropical and temperate conditions. In tropical conditions grape exhibits strong apical dominance and
Best season for pruning vines is towards end of winter when they are
dormant. In North India pruning is generally completed by mid-January. Grape culture in Southwest India has some special features. Vines exhibit continuous growth without entering into dormancy due to mild winters.
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Pruning is possible two times a year under such conditions. In Tamil Nadu, pruning in December-January gives yield in April-May, called as summer crop and pruning in May-June results harvesting in August-September, called as monsoon crop. In certain pockets, pruning is adjusted in such a way to harvest crops during every five months. In Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra, pruning is done during summer (March-April) to induce vegetative growth, generally called as 'back pruning' or 'growth pruning', followed by pruning for fruiting during September-October.
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