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GROUP 3 (Bancolita, Nacion, Andanan, Asiatico, Doctolero, Gumpic)

ADVANTAGES
Practical More Reliable

Improve worker productivity


Increase revenue Reduce costs

Provide better customer service


Expand business opportunities Updated with latest advances

Allow more flexibility


Competitive advantage
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IMPORTANCE OF MANAGERS

Managers, no matter what their career field and educational background, should KNOW ENOUGH about the business needs to be able TO RECOMMEND hardware that meet their needs.
Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

HARDWARE

The physical components of a computer that perform the input, processing, storage, and output activities of the computer

Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

COMPUTER SYSTEMS: Integrating The Power of Technology

Computer systems that are

EFFECTIVE, EFFICIENT, and WELL SUITED to tasks. In choosing the right hardware, understand its relationship to the IS and the current and future needs of the organization
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Examples of Integration
NOAA upgraded to two more

powerful computer systems North Carolina State Employees Credit Union invested on computer hardware Seaport Hotel implemented touch-screen computers
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Hardware Components

Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

PROCESSING AND MEMORY DEVICES: Power and Speed, and Capacity


Three Important Attributes: Power, Speed and

Capacity Central processing unit (CPU)


Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): performs calculations and

makes logical comparisons Control unit: accesses, decodes and coordinates data in CPU and other devices
Primary memory
Holds program instructions and data for processing Located close to the CPU (to decrease access time)

System unit
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Box or cabinet that houses the CPU and memory Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs Reynolds devices are directly or indirectly linked into the Other &

unit

DEVICES: Power and Speed, and Capacity


PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS
Clock speed
series of electronic pulses produced at a predetermined

rate that affects machine cycle time measured in megahertz (MHz) for millions or gigahertz(GHz) for billions of cycles per second
Physical Characteristics of CPU
CPU Speed depends on the distances of the imprinted

digital circuits
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DEVICES: Power and Speed, and Capacity


MEMORY CHARACTERISTICS AND FUNCTIONS
Storage Capacity storage capacity is measured in bytes 8 bits form a byte (B) 1 byte is equivalent to one character of data

Computer Storage Units:

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Memory Characteristics and Functions (Continued)


Types of Memory RAM (Random Access Memory) Is temporary and volatile RAM chips are sensitive so they easily lose their contents if the current is disrupted ROM (Read Only Memory) is usually nonvolatile so contents are not lost if power is removed provides permanent storage for data

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DEVICES: Power and Speed, and Capacity


MULTIPROCESSING
Involves the simultaneous execution of two or more

instructions Multicore Microprocessor


two or more independent processors into a single

computer sharing the processes Dual-core processor Quad-core chips


Eight processing cores

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

DEVICES: Power and Speed, and Capacity


MULTIPROCESSING
Parallel Computing simultaneous execution of the same task on multiple processors to obtain results faster Application:
Modeling Analyzing large amounts of data In medicine, imaging systems which completes ultrasound scans

faster and more accurate In engineering, testing of virtually-created products of how they work In clothing, simulation of designs for just over one month from the traditional six months
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DEVICES: Power and Speed, and Capacity


MULTIPROCESSING
Grid Computing use of a collection of computers to work in a coordinated manner to solve a common problem low-cost approach to parallel processing
has a Central server which acts as the grid leader, traffic

monitor and controlling server


Division of task to subtasks Assigning subtasks on the grid Monitoring of subtasks

Advancing to the next task


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Combining of finished subtasks

Reassigning of failed subtasks

Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Secondary Storage and Input & Output Devices


Secondary Storage Permanent Storage Nonvolatile with greater capacity and less expensive but is slower Measured in bytes: kilo, mega, giga, tera Selection requires understanding the primary characteristicsaccess method, capacity, and portability Input and Output Devices gateways to the computer system used to provide data and instructions to the computer and receive results from it
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Secondary Storage and Input & Output Devices


Access Methods
SEQUENTIAL ACCESS DIRECT ACCESS

data is accessed in the order it was stored


Sequential Access Storage Devices (SASDs)

data is retrieved directly and faster, without having to pass by other data in sequence
Direct Access Storage Devices (DASDs)

EXAMPLE: Retrieving Part Number 125 in an inventory data that stores by part number (such as 100, 101, 102, etc) Read and discard data on parts 001 through 124
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Read without reading through parts 001 through 124

Secondary Storage Devices


Magnetic tapes
sequential storage which is a Mylar film coated with iron

oxide with magnetized bits lower but less expensive


Magnetic disks
direct access storage coated with iron oxide and

magnetized bits and with thin metallic platters (hard disks) or Mylar film (diskettes)

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Secondary Storage Devices


Redundant Array of Independent/Inexpensive Disks

(RAID)
Stores extra bits so that data can be reconstructed if

system fails Uses Stripping to evenly distribute data

Virtual Tape
Storage for less needed data Slower data access but is cheaper and with smaller floor

space by tape operations


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Secondary Storage Devices


Storage Area Network (SAN)
Provides high-speed connections among data-storage

devices and computers over a network Uses computer servers, distributed storage devices, and networks to tie everything together

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Secondary Storage Devices


Optical Discs
Direct access method Uses CD burner to record data to a compact disc

Compact Disc Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) can store 740 MB of data cannot be modified
CD-recordable (CD-R) can write once CD-rewritable (CD-RW) can write repeatedly

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Secondary Storage Devices


Digital Video Disc (DVD)
a five-inch diameter which can store about 135 minutes of

digital video or 4.7 GB (single-sided DVD) or 9.4 GB (double-sided DVD) at a faster rate Record-once discs: DVD-R and DVD+R Rewritable discs: DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD-RAM Blu-ray high-definition video disc
based on blue-laser technology stores at least three times as much data as a DVD holds

Holographic Versatile Disc (HVD) store up to 6 TB of data on a single optical disk

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Secondary Storage Devices


Solid State Secondary Storage Devices (SSDs)
stores data in memory chips which require less power and

provide faster data access Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drive
a commonly used SSD external to the computer, removable and rewritable weigh less than an ounce and can provide storage of 1 GB to 64

GB of direct access methods, higher capacity, and increased portability

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Input Devices
Personal Computer Input Devices
Keyboard, mouse Wireless mice and keyboards Split keyboard designed to avoid wrist and hand injuries caused by hours of keyboarding sketches can be entered on the touchpad and text using the keys

Speech Recognition Technology


a computer equipped with speech input (microphone) to

interpret human speech as data basic systems: train the system to recognize your speech patterns More advanced systems: recognize continuous speech Very advanced systems: can interpret a voice never heard and understand a rich vocabulary
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Input Devices
Digital Cameras
record and store images or video in digital form which can

be downloaded to a computer for editing, storage, printing and other activity


Touch Sensitive Screens
allows display screens to function as input as

well as output devices by touching certain parts Uses:


at gas stations for customers to select grades of gas and request a

receipt at fast-food restaurants for order clerks to enter customer choices at hotel information centers for guests to request locations facts at amusement parks to provide directions to patrons
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Input Devices
Optical Data Readers
a special scanning device to scan documents two categories: optical mark recognition (OMR) readers used to capture choices placed in OMR paper called a mark sense form during tests (SAT, GMAT, etc) and elections optical character recognition (OCR) readers use reflected light to recognize and scan handwritten or typed documents and convert them into digital data which could be shared, modified, and distributed

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Input Devices
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Devices
reads codes on banking documents (checks, loan

applications, bank statements, etc.) quickly

Pen Input Devices


activate commands, enter handwritten notes, and draw

objects by touching a touch screen

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Input Devices
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
employs a microchip (RFID tag) with an antenna to

broadcast its unique identifier and location to receivers Uses:


tags on retail items to track the inventory by an in-store reader on

the shelves to determine when shelves should be restocked tags on miners cap lamps, vehicles and equipments to track realtime location

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Output Devices
provide output which can be an input into another

computer system
form: visual, audio, or digital

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Output Devices
Display Monitors
cathode-ray tube (CRTs) early monitors where output quality is measured by number of pixels and dot pitch Plasma display produces high resolution and accurate representation of colors using thousands of pixels that are electrically turned into plasma

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Output Devices
Display Monitors (continued)
LCD displays flat displays that use liquid crystals to form characters and graphic images on a backlit screen easier on your eyes, take up less space and use less electricity than CRTs Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) provides sharper and brighter colors than LCDs and CRTs by directly emitting light than using backlight flexible and less fragile

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Output Devices
Printers and Plotters
Hard copy output device Plotter used for general design work usually to generate paper or acetate blueprints, schematics, and drawings of buildings or new products onto paper or transparencies

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Output Devices
Printers and Plotters (Continued)
Printer Accommodates smaller and different paper forms (blank check forms, invoice forms, etc.) speed of the printer is measured by pages printed per minute (ppm) quality or resolution depends on dots printed per inch (dpi) Laser printers can handle more volume and is faster than inkjet printers

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

Output Devices
Digital Audio Player
store, organize, and play digital music files MP3 (MPEG-1 Audio Layer-3) compressed small file with preserved sound quality faster to download and takes less storage space

E-Books (Electronic books)


digital media equivalent of a conventional printed book E-books weigh light with a display screen ranging from 5

to 8 inches

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


Single-user computer systems
portable computers For mobile users

nonportable computers

Multiple-user computer systems


designed to support workgroups from a small department

to large organizations servers Mainframes supercomputers

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Fundamentals of Information System by Stairs & Reynolds

COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


PORTABLE COMPUTERS Handheld Computers
provide ease of portability but require a lot of power usually used to organize personal data

Laptop Computers
small and light enough to sit comfortably on the lap

preferred than desktop because of portability, lower

energy usage, and smaller space requirements

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COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


PORTABLE COMPUTERS (continued) Notebook computers
an extremely lightweight computer smaller than laptop

and can easily fit in a briefcase


Netbook Computers
smallest, lightest, and least expensive members of the

laptop computer family great for tasks that do not require a lot of computing power and lots of storage capacity

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COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


PORTABLE COMPUTERS (continued) Tablet computers
portable, lightweight touch-screen computers like a

clipboard Other input methods: pen, optional keyboard or speech recognition Slate Computers - support writing stylus only Convertible tablet PC screen can be swiveled and be used as a notebook

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COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


NONPORTABLE COMPUTERS Thin Client Computers
a low-cost, centrally managed computer with no extra

drives have limited capabilities and perform only essential applications never pick up viruses or suffer a hard disk crash
Desktop Computers
highly versatile providing sufficient power, memory, and

storage

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COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


NONPORTABLE COMPUTERS (Continued) Nettop Computers
inexpensive desktop computer which is smaller, lighter

and consumes less power performs basic processing tasks (Internet surf, document process, and audio/video playback)

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COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


NONPORTABLE COMPUTERS (Continued) Workstations
more powerful and expensive than personal computers

but small enough to fit on a desktop used to support engineering and technical activities requiring a high-end processor

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COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


SERVERS have large memory and storage capacities with fast and efficient communications abilities Web server
handles Internet traffic and communications

Enterprise server
manages programs

File server
manages files

Server farm
housing facility of servers where they can be controlled

Blade server
houses many computer motherboards which is more powerful,

less expensive, and requires less space than traditional servers


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COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


MAINFRAME COMPUTERS a costly but large, powerful computer with massive storage and input/output capabilities shared by multiple concurrent users connected over a network requires secure data center with special heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) Uses:

Airline reservation Automobile rent hotel/motel reservation decision support systems

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COMPUTER SYSTEM TYPES


SUPER COMPUTERS most powerful computers with the fastest processing speed and highest performance

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GREEN COMPUTING
a program concerned with the efficient and

environmentally responsible design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IS-related products a new business strategy
Apple: claims greenest lineup of notebooks, removing

toxic chemicals Dell: new mantra the greenest technology company on Earth Hewlett-Packard: long tradition of environmentalism (shutting down of computers to save energy and reduce carbon emissions), green packaging (reduce use of materials)
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SOURCES
Stair, R., & Reynolds, G. (2012). Fundamentals of

Information Systems 6th Edition. Canada: Nelson Education. http://www.slideshare.net/VijaySelvam1/computerinformation-mft-review

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