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Overview
Engine balancing is one of the important aspects for smooth operation of diesel engine. Balancing helps in reducing engine vibration to an acceptable limit.
Unbalanced engine is liable to excite severe vibration and cause damage to engine components and ship structure.
Learning Objectives
Meaning of Balancing
Static Balancing
Dynamic Balancing
Partial Balancing of Engine
Introduction
Engine Balancing
Dynamic Balancing
Static Balance
When a shaft carries a number of eccentric masses and if the sum of the moments of all the masses about the axis of rotation is equal to Zero for all angular positions, the shaft assembly is said to be in Static Balance
Static Balance
Any multi cylinder crankshaft will be statically balanced, when the cranks are equally spread through out the cycle.
If it is out of balance statically, it will have its centre of gravity off the polar axis.
The crank spread is determined from the standard formula: Crank spread =
2 6 5
4 1
2 5
Dynamic Balance
Any multi-cylinder crankshaft that is statically balanced may generate an out-of-balance couple or moment when rotating, causing dynamic imbalance.
To achieve dynamic balance, balance weights may be added to eliminate the out-of-balance couple
Dynamic Balancing
Dynamic balancing is a way of controlling vibrations by arranging the overall summation of out-of balance forces and couples cancels out or reduced to more acceptable value There are two groups of forces and couples - related to:
revolving mass
reciprocating mass
Rotating mass balance is quite easily obtained by choice of crank sequence and balance weight Reciprocating mass balance is more complicated.
F = Mrot x f = Mrot x 2 r
This force acting on the crankpin will act radially outwards at all times and has two components: Vertical component = Mrot x 2 r cos
Horizontal component = Mrot x 2 r sin These components are first order force and will act at a frequency of engine RPM
First order & Second order forces are n generated by acceleration of reciprocating masses of the running gears.
Free Moments
From Engine
Standard
Counterweights / Balance weights
Option
1st order moment compensator
Its an integral part of crank web or separate piece bolted to the web
Balancing
Primary Inertia force by Balance Weight
The primary reciprocating force cannot be balanced by a single counter weight It is possible to balance by two such weights rotating in opposite directions
This eliminates the out-of-balance second order moment The forces from the unbalanced reciprocating masses are the only forces that generate second order moments. These forces act only in the vertical direction The Lanchester balancer is a second order moment compensator and it consists of two counter rotating masses running at twice engine RPM These counter rotating masses can be fitted at
the aft end of the engine, driven by the camshaft chain the forward end of the engine, driven by auxiliary chain both ends of the engine driven by gears
Order
Moment Compensator
Action of fitting Lanchester secondary balancer to both ends of engine, where engine is installed at a node of hull vibration
Single Lanchester secondary balancer fitted at one end of engine, when node of hull vibration is near the other end of the engine
Electrical Balancer
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Define the terms static balance and "dynamic balance. List the forces and moments which may come about in a vertical multi cylinder engine.
3.
Explain how the reciprocating motion of the piston and the revolving motion of the crank effect the balancing of a diesel engine. Explain how the effect due to out of balance forces is controlled within acceptable limit. State what do you understand by primary and secondary disturbing forces. Explain how the primary and secondary forces are balanced in a multi-cylinder engine. Explain what do you understand by the statement : an engine is in good balance .
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