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1. The Human Eye 2. The Parts and their Functions of a Human Eye 3. Power of Accommodation and LDDV 4. Defects of Vision and their Correction -
Aqueous humour
Pupil
The light-sensitive cells get activated upon illumination and generate electric signals. These signals are sent to brain via optic nerves. The brain intercepts these signals and finally processes the information for our perception.
Power of Accommodation
The ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is called accommodation. The eye lens is composed of a fibrous, jelly-like material and its curvature can be modified by the ciliary muscles. Hence, the focal length can be changed as per the requirement. When the muscles are relaxed, the lens becomes thin. The radius of curvature and hence the focal length increases. This enables us to see the distant objects clearly.
When we look at the objects closer to they, ciliary muscles contract decreasing the radius of curvature and hence the focal length. This enables us to see the nearby objects clearly.
or
(ii) Elongation of the eyeball. Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power(focal length).
Normal Eye
O
Near Point
LDDV = 25 cm
Myopic Eye
O I LDDV = 25 cm O
LDDV = 25 cm
O
I
LDDV = 25 cm
In hypermetropic eye, the image of a nearby object is formed behind the retina and not on the retinal itself.
This defect may arise due to (i) long focal length of the eye lens or (ii) Very small size of the eyeball. Hypermetropia can be corrected by using a convex lens of suitable power (focal length).
Normal Eye
O
Near Point
I LDDV = 25 cm
Hypermetropic Eye O
LDDV = 25 cm O
LDDV = 25 cm O
II
LDDV = 25 cm
Presbyopia
The power of accommodation of the eye usually decreases with ageing. People can not see nearby objects comfortably and distinctly without corrective eye-glasses. This defect is called presbyopia. It arises due to
Eye
S
P Q
i N1
N2
A A N1 Q P i r1 O r2
D
N2
R
S
i+e=A+
D v
A B
White light
White light B C A
RAINBOW
A rainbow is a natural spectrum which is caused by dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets present in the atmosphere after a rain shower. The incident sunlight with suitable angle of incidence is refracted, dispersed, internally reflected and finally refracted out by the rain drops. Due to the dispersion and internal reflection, different colours reach the eye of the observer. A rainbow is always formed in a direction opposite to that of the Sun.
Formation of Rainbow
Rain drop
Sunlight
41
Eye
RAINBOW
ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION
Refraction of light by earths atmosphere is called atmospheric refraction.
Flickering of objects above a fire:
The apparent random wavering or flickering of objects can be seen through a turbulent stream of hot air rising above a fire. The air just above the fire becomes hotter than the further up. The hotter air is lighter than the cooler air above it, and has a refractive index slightly less than that of the cooler air. Since the physical conditions of the refracting medium (air) are not stationary, the apparent position of the object, as seen through the hot air, fluctuates. This wavering is therefore due to an effect of atmospheric refraction on a small scale in the local environment.
Twinkling of Stars:
The twinkling of a star is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. The atmospheric refraction occurs in a medium of gradually changing refractive index. Since the atmosphere bends starlight towards the normal, the apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position. The star appears slightly higher (above) than its actual position when viewed near the horizon. This apparent position is not stationary, but keeps on changing slightly, since the physical conditions of the earths atmosphere are not stationary. Since the stars are very distant, they approximate pointsized sources of light.
Real Apparent position position of the Star of the Star
As the path of rays of light coming from the star goes on varying slightly, the apparent position of the star fluctuates and the amount of light entering the eye flickers- the star sometimes appear brighter, and at some other time, fainter which gives the twinkling effect.
Eye
Since it is the collection of large number of point-sized sources of light, the total variation in the amount of light entering into the eye from all the individual sources will average out to zero, thereby nullifying the twinkling effect.
Horizon
Earth
SCATTERING OF LIGHT
Tyndall Effect:
The earths atmosphere is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles. These particles include smoke, tiny water droplets, suspended particles of dust and molecules of air. When a beam of light strikes such fine particles, the path of the beam becomes visible.
The light reaches us, after being reflected diffusedly by these particles.
The phenomenon of scattering of light by the colloidal particles gives rise to Tyndall Effect. Tyndall Effect can be seen when a fine beam of sunlight enters a smoke-filled room through a small hole. In this, scattering of light makes the particles visible. It can also be seen when sunlight passes through a canopy of a dense forest. In this, tiny water droplets in the mist scatter light. The colour of the scattered light depends on the size of the scattering particles. Very fine particles scatter mainly blue light while particles of larger size scatter light of longer wavelengths. If the size of the scattering particles is large enough, then, the scattered light may even appear white.
L1
L2
Screen
Scattering of Light Blue colour of the sky and Reddish appearance of the Sun at Sun-rise and Sun-set:
Horizon
Earth
Atmosphere
The molecules of the atmosphere and other particles that are smaller than the longest wavelength of visible light are more effective in scattering light of shorter wavelengths than light of longer wavelengths. The amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength. (Rayleigh Effect)
Light from the Sun near the horizon passes through a greater distance in the Earths atmosphere than does the light received when the Sun is overhead. The correspondingly greater scattering of short wavelengths accounts for the reddish appearance of the Sun at rising and at setting. When looking at the sky in a direction away from the Sun, we receive scattered sunlight in which short wavelengths predominate giving the sky its characteristic bluish colour.