Dual Band Networks

EMEA Systems Integration Program Review
GTSS Customer Solutions Group
Dual Band Networks

February-2002
Sherif Bahieg
imagination into opportunity
Motorola Confidential Proprietary
Feb 02 Slide Motorola Confidential Proprietary1
Outline
Introduction Propagation Overview
Fading Effects Link Budget Calculations Mast Head Amplifier Antenna Types Losses in 900 vs. 1800 Planning aspects
Implementation
Dual BTS Single Band BTS Different RF equipment
Parameters and Features (ALM) Statistics Overview
Introduction
Definition
Enables a single Network Operator with licenses in two or more frequency bands to support the use of Multiband mobiles in all bands of the licenses
DCS 1800 Macrocells
Example
GSM 900 Macrocells
GSM 900 to DCS1800 transparent handovers
Introduction (cont ..)

Why Dual Band ? Increasing Capacity Improving Grade of Service Relieving Congestion Advanced Network Management Techniques Improved Multi-layer Network

Dual Band Mobiles Share ?
Dual_Band mobiles
35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0%
J-99 F-99 M-99 A-99 M-99 J-99 J-99 A-99 S-99 O-99 N-99 D-99 J-00 F-00 M-00

What are the Requirements? RF considerations Hardware considerations Antenna and feeders considerations Features and Parameters study
Propagation Overview
Fading Effect
Higher pathloss at 1800 MHz
Serving Site
Distant Site
Reduced interference from distant site at 1800MHz

More aggressive reuse pattern can be achieved
Half wavelength l at 1800 MHz Fading rate twice as fast as 900MHz
Diversity systems become more important especially for slow moving mobiles
1800 radio wave
Propagation Overview (cont ..)

Antennas
Different Antenna Types

Different antenna for each Band
Dual antennas with four ports Dual Antennas with 2 ports (900 and 1800 are multiplexed )

Antennas
2 Ports Antennas
Extra Duplexers will be needed to split 1800 signal from 900 signal
900/1800
feeder
Duplexers will be with different polarization to maintain diversity

dual band diplexer dual band diplexer
Tx/Rx
Rx
Tx/Rx
Rx GSM 900 indoor or outdoor Horizonmacro
GSM 900 indoor or outdoor Horizonmacro

Antennas
4 Ports Antennas
No need for extra Duplexers will be needed to split 1800 signal from 900 signal Duplexers will be with different polarization to maintain diversity
1800 900
Tx/Rx Rx GSM 900 indoor or outdoor Horizonmacro
Tx/Rx
Rx GSM 1800 indoor or outdoor Horizonmacro

Antennas Preferred antennas:
65 sector antennas Small vertical beamwidth <7 High front-to-back ratio >30 dB Maximum gain Low upper sidelobe (high sidelobe suppression) typ. -20 dB maximum Dual-polarisation (slant +45/45, isolation >30 dB) Electrical downtilt <10

Feeders
Make Model Brand EUPEN EUPEN Size Attenuation Bend radius dB/100m dB/100m Impedance Max f (MHz) (mm) 900MHz 1800MHz Weight (Kg)
5228
7/8"
3.93 2.41
5.92 3.71
50 50
5300 2800
120 300
0.59 1,50
5438 1 5/8"
Possible rules to select proper feeder:
~ 50% more loss at GSM1800
GSM900 cells with 7/8 feeder, GSM1800 cells with 15/8 feeder all cells with 7/8 feeder - when feeder loss for 1800 cells will be higher than e.g. 3dB thicker cables will be used all cells with 7/8 feeder - for GSM1800 cells with high feeder loss Masthead Amps are used

Path Losses in 900 vs. 1800 A little physics
Diffraction loss and Penetration loss higher in 1800 MHz band 6dB minimal theoretical difference (see: Friis transmission formula)
Path loss difference - on-street

Path loss at 1800MHz is typically 6 - 12 dB higher Most probable difference in urban environment: 8 dB Difference is nearly distance-independent (fixed), in typical urban cells ( i.e. constant offset in loss per length unit ) Actual difference depends on site configuration like antenna height and antenna characteristics Cell radius at 1800 MHz typically 50% less compared to 900 MHz

Path Losses in 900 vs. 1800 Path loss difference - in-building
Additional attenuation at 1800MHz when penetrating into buildings High dependency of penetration loss on building structure, window size, floor height, angle of incident waves and floor level
Empirical measurement results

Building penetration loss at 900MHz: 5dB to 25dB Average additional path loss at 1800MHz: 7dB, 4dB standard deviation

Path Losses in 900 vs. 1800 LOS dominates Receive level (dB) Non-LOS dominates ~ 150m - 300m
6 - 8 dB GSM 900 >8 dB in typical urban cells: difference is nearly distance-independent
GSM 1800
prerequisite: same ERP on both bands equal antenna pattern

Log (Distance)

Path Losses in 900 vs. 1800 Practical difference in coverage
Difference can be compensated with a higher ERP at the 1800 band Antenna height has high impact on difference in coverage (Diffraction - the main propagation mechanism - becomes less important) Antenna pattern - especially vertical pattern - has high impact on difference in coverage Difference raises with raising cell radius Increase sensitivity of BTS

Planning aspects Optimisation process:
Comparing predictions of appropriate GSM900 and GSM1800 cells for inbuilding coverage level (e.g. -68 dBm at 900Mhz / -61 dBm at 1800MHz) Adjusting GSM1800 antenna tilts to obtain similar footprint compared to the appropriate GSM900 cell
Good overlapping needed to achieve efficient traffic relief on GSM900 Supports introduction of new multi-band features like co-incident multi-band handover or single BCCH
Same coverage conditions (except fairly fixed offset) can be achieved easily with dual band antennas Reducing Combining stages in the DCS cells to reduce the losses and use air combining instead.

Planning aspects Example: separate antennae for both bands
Downtilt difference between GSM900 & GSM1800 (Tilt 900 - Tilt1800) 200 180 number of cells 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Tilt difference (GSM900 - GSM1800)
Typically 1 lower downtilt on GSM1800

Planning aspects
increased Tx power
transmit power
base station sensitivity
improved Sensitivity
basic cell radius Estimated Cell Radius with either Combinations

Distance

Planning aspects
Cell Size Comparison

antenna height: 30 m ERP 55dBm fading margin 6dB interference margin 5dB antenna / body loss 3dB level in build. -88dBm / -86dBm
MS Rx sensitivity -102 / -100dBm

penetration loss 900MHz 20dB
additional loss 1800MHz 5dB level on street -68dBm / -61dBm max. path loss 123dB / 118dB Environment cell radius @900MHz 5150 m 800 m
cell radius
@1800MHz 2010 m 250 m
rural
urban

Planning aspects (GSM Signal Strength)

Planning aspects (DCS Signal Strength)

Mast Head Amplifier
S/N
Use of MHA overcomes the deterioration in the system sensitivity due to lengthy RF feeder cables
L = feeder loss
S/N
Without MHA
BTS System Sensitivity depends on L
With MHA BTS System Sensitivity is almost independent of L

Mast Head Amplifier
high signal-to-noise ratio
low handset transmitting power
high voice quality overcomes high feeder loss
longer battery life reduced interference better uplink quality increased capacity
More Air Time

Mast Head Amplifier Comparison with and without MHA Measured Call Quality cumulative distribution - CDF
100 95 90 85 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 Uplink Rx Quality 6 7
with MHA without MHA
Probability ( % )

Link Budget Calculations
Downlink (BTS to MS) TCU Tx power [1] Combining loss Duplexer max_tx_bts=2 Total Tx power @ top rack Feeder loss BTS antenna gain Total EIRP MS Rx Sensitivity MS antenna gain Fading margin (90% coverage [2]) Interference margin Antenna/Body loss max. pathloss Link balance (downlink - uplink) 45.10 dBm 0 dB 4 dB 41.10 3 19 57.10 dBm dB dBi dBm Uplink (MS to BTS) MS Tx power 30 dBm
Link Budget for Motorola HORIZONmacro GSM 1800 no Mast Head Amplifier
MS antenna gain Total EIRP

BTS antenna gain Diversity gain Feeder loss BTS Rx Sensitivity [3] Fading margin Interference margin Antenna/Body loss max. pathloss
0 dBi 30 dBm
19 3 3 -108.5 6 3 3 dBi dB dB dBm dB dB dB
air combining
[1] max. TCU Tx power 45.10dBm with TDF [2] lognormal shadowing with 7dB standard deviation [3] sensitivity measured at top of rack
-100 dBm 0 dBi 6 dB
3 dB 3 dB 145.10 dB -0.40 dB
145.5 dB

Link Budget Calculations
Downlink (BTS to MS)
TCU Tx power[1] Combining loss Duplexer max_tx_bts=0 Total Tx power @ top rack Feeder loss BTS antenna gain Total EIRP MS Rx Sensitivity MS antenna gain Fading margin (90% coverage [2]) Interference margin Antenna/Body loss max. pathloss Link balance (downlink - uplink) 45.10 dBm 0 dB TDF 0 dB 45.10 3 19 61.10 dBm dB dBi dBm
Uplink (MS to BTS)

MS Tx power MS antenna gain Total EIRP BTS antenna gain Diversity gain Feeder loss MHA gain MHA noise figure Overall noise figure BTS Rx Sensitivity[3] 30 dBm 0 dBi 30 dBm 19 3 3 12 2 2.56 dBi dB dB dB dB dB
Link Budget for Motorola HORIZONmacro GSM 1800 with Mast Head Amplifier
air combining
-100 dBm 0 dBi 6 dB
[1] max. TCU Tx power 45.1dBm
-110.4 dBm
[2] lognormal shadowing with 7dB standard deviation
3 dB 3 dB 149.10 dB -1.13 dB
Fading margin Interference margin Antenna/Body loss max. pathloss
6 dB 3 dB 3 dB 150.23 dB
[3] sensitivity measured at antenna connector
Implementation
RF Equipment RF Block CTU
M-Cell equivalent: TCU All connections blind-mate, except Tx and test All radios delivered with SMA-SMA Tx cable Output power (top of cab): 32W (1800), 40W (900) - same as TCU SMA Tx connection D-type data + power connection
Test connection
SMB Rx connections
Implementation (cont.. )
RF Equipment SURF Module (Single Band)
Sectorised Unified Receiver Front-end M-Cell equivalent: IADU+3xDLNBs Six antenna connections (3 sectors, diversity receive) Two extension ports Extension ports permanently connected to Rx0A and Rx0B
Rx
2B 1B 0B 2A 1A 0A
Ext
B A
Programmable Switching
RF Equipment SURF Module (Dual Band)
900 Dual Band module has 3 sectors of 900 + 1 sector of 1800. 1800 Dual Band module has 3 sectors of 1800 + 1 sector of 900. Extension ports are permanently 0B 2B connected to Rx0A and Rx0B. 1800 900 frequency frequency
Extension 1B 0B 0A 2A 1A 0A B A
Programmable Switching
RF Equipment Dual TDF
Twin Duplexed Filter. Two completely separate transmit/receive paths. Permits very low loss single-radio sectors to be configured. Transmit loss approx. 1.5dB. Available in 900, 1800, or dual-band.
Rx2
Ant2 Ant1
Rx1
Duplexer/ Bandpass Filter
Duplexer/ Bandpass Filter
Tx2
Tx1
MCell6 Case
Conversion kit to convert an existing MCell6 Indoor 900MHz cabinet to accept 1800MHz sectors Provides Dualband within a single MCell6 Indoor cabinet and single logical site Possible Configurations
Omni-4 (900) and Omni-2 (1800) 2/2 (900) and Omni-2 (1800) 2/2/2 (900) Indoor converted to a 2/2/2 (1800)
Restriction, 2 LNAs mounted side+centre overlaps with the 900 sector, the 1800 TCUs are limited.
MCell6 Case
M-Cell Multiband 6 4 (900)- 2(1800) configuration
RX/TX RX/TX RX/TX RX/TX
1800MHz Low Noise Amplifier 900MHz Dual Low Noise Block 900MHzDuplexer (not shown in picture above)
1800MHzDuplexer
TX TX TX TX TX TX
900MHz 2 input Combined Band Pass Filter
RX RX RX RX RX RX
To IADU
1800 MHz carriers 900 MHz carriers
Horizon Case
Parameters and Features BSS:

freq_types_allowed mb_preference early_classmark_sending early_classmark_delay phase2_classmark_allowed
Cell:
frequency_type interband_ho_allowed optinal: band_preference band_preference_mode multiband_reporting
MSC:
ensure phase2 signalling is enabled between BSCs and/or MSCs
Parameters and Features (cont .. )

BSC Parameters Freq_types_allowed Specifies the frequency types available to the BSS
freq_types_allowed 5 or freq_types_allowed PGSM, DCS1800

BSC Parameters
mb_preference
Enable or disable the Multiband feature
0 1
Multiband feature disabled Multiband feature enabled
chg_element mb_preference 1 0 phase2_classmark_allowed

This parameter defines the format of the classmark parameter sent to the MSC based on GSM phases
0 Formatted for Phase 1 1 Formatted for Phase 2 2 Formatted for Phase 2 with Multiband chg_element phase2_classmark_allowed 2 0

BSC Parameters
early_classmark_sending
This parameter sets and displays: Whether the BSS will suppress the early sending of the Classmark Update message to the MSC. Whether an MS is allowed to send an early Classmark Change message
0 = disabled across both the A-interface and the Air-interface 1 = enabled on A-interface, disabled on Air-interface 2 = disabled on A-interface, enabled on Air-interface 3 = enabled across both the A-interface and the Air-interface chg_element early_classmark_sending 3 0

BSC Parameters
early_classmark_delay
This parameter specifies the timer that controls how long the BSS will delay sending the Class mark Update message to the MSC during Early Classmark sending
0 to 100000
(in milliseconds)
chg_element early_classmark_delay 0 0

Cell Parameters
frequency_type
Use this parameter to change the frequency type of a cell, or to display the cell frequency type
1 2 4 8
pgsm egsm dcs1800 pcs1900

Cell Parameters
interband_ho_allowed
Changes or sets the allowable frequencies which a cell may handover to. This parameter must include, at a minimum, the frequency type for the cell. For example, if the cell has a frequency_type of pgsm, then the interband_ho_allowed parameter must include pgsm as a possible destination frequency band for handovers
1 to 11 1 = PGSM 2 = EGSM 3 = PGSM and EGSM 4 = DCS1800 5 = PGSM and DCS1800 6 = EGSM and DCS1800 7 = PGSM, EGSM and DCS1800 8 = PCS1900 9 = PGSM and PCS1900 10 = EGSM and PCS1900 11 = PGSM, EGSM and PCS1900
chg_element interband_ho_allowed 5 <site> cell_number= xx

imagination into opportunity Motorola Confidential Proprietary Feb 02 Slide Motorola Confidential Proprietary41

Cell Parameters
band_preference (optional)
Displays the frequency bands that the cell prefers to use for handovers. Sets the destination frequency band for intercell handovers.
1 (PGSM), 2 (EGSM), 4 (DCS1800), 8 (PCS1900)
band_preference_mode (optional)
This parameter sets and displays the method the system uses to have a MultiBand mobile telephone use the preferred frequency band for a given cell in the BSS possible values are: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6

Cell Parameters multiband_reporting (optional)
This parameter sets and displays the number of cells of each supported band the system will include in the MS Measurement Report.possible values are: possible values are: 0 0,1,2,3
Normal reporting of the six strongest neighbour cells with known and allowed NCC part of the BSIC, irrespective of the band used Report the strongest neighbour cell in each of the frequency bands in the neighbour cell list, excluding the frequency band of the serving cell. The remaining positions in the measurement report shall be used for reporting Cells in the band of the serving Cell.

Cell Parameters
1
multiband_reporting (optional)
Report the strongest neighbour cell in each of the frequency bands in the neighbour cell list, excluding the frequency band of the serving cell. The remaining positions in the measurement report shall be used for reporting Cells in the band of the serving Cell. Report the two strongest cells in each of the frequency bands in the neighbour cell list, excluding the frequency band of the serving cell. The remaining positions in the measurement report shall be used for reporting Cells in the band of the serving Cell.

Cell Parameters
Parameter which should be changed for 1800 cells: handover_power_level = 0 ms_txpwr_max_cch = 0 max_tx_ms = 30 ms_txpwr_max_def = 30

Band Preference Modes
BPM = 0
Default operation - no band preference expressed Multiband handovers due to normal RF causes (PBGT, RXQUAL) can still occur
BPM = 1
Attempt handover to strongest preferred band neighbour on SDCCH - TCH assignment If unable to handover to preferred band TCH, cancel band preference bias for the lifetime of the current connection Multiband handovers due to normal radio reasons may still occur

BPM = 2
Do not invoke band changes on SDCCH - TCH assignment Go to strongest preferred band neighbour when normal radio reason (or congestion relief) handover required Preferred band neighbours take priority in the neighbour list
BPM = 3
Prioritise preferred band at SDCCH-TCH assignment AND when radio reason handovers are required This is a combination of BPM 1 and 2 conditions

BPM = 4
Do not invoke band changes on SDCCH - TCH assignment As soon as possible after TCH assignment, attempt to handover to a preferred band channel For normal radio reason handover, also prioritise preferred band neighbours
BPM = 5
Attempt to hand to preferred band at SDCCH - TCH assignment As soon as possible after TCH assignment, attempt to handover to a preferred band channel For normal radio reason handover, also prioritise preferred band neighbours This is a combination of BPM 1,2 and 4

BPM = 6
Invoke the operation attempt to hand to preferred band at SDCCH - TCH assignment only after the cell has become congested This is like condition 5, but triggered only when the cell is congested

Trunking Efficiency
Using Advanced Load Management or Handover on Congestion
2 Carriers on GSM 900 and 2 Carriers on GSM 1800 Utilising Band Preference Modes 1, 3, 5, 6 (band reassignment SDCCH to TCH) or Handover on Congestion (GSM900 + GSM1800 multi-layer system)
One layer has no blocking probability for Multi-band Mobiles

Without Load Management With Load Management 20,15 Erl (28 TCH)
Total Erl / Cell

2 x 8,2 Erl (14 TCH)
23 % gain in trunking efficiency !

Implementation Scenarios
GSM1800 Layer Macrocell
Serving Cell 1800 Layer

Band preference mode keeps call in imperative and PBGT handover conditions on 1800 layer
Server
BPM 2 Macrocell Neighbor
GSM900 Layer
BPM 3
Macrocell Macrocell
Neighbor
Neighbor
If serving cell level drops below threshold => handoff to 900 layer (Type 3 algorithm)
Also Type 2 implemented
GSM900 Layer Microcell
Neighbor
BPM 3 Microcell Neighbor
Preferred call set-up possible on 1800 due to C2 cell re-selection parameter

Handover to microcell layer just in special cases, e.g. Indoor
Pwr bdgt HO
Imperative HO

Serving Cell 900 Layer

Band preference mode moves call in imperative and PBGT handover situations to1800 layer as first priority
Neighbor
GSM900 Layer
BPM 3
Macrocell
Macrocell
Server
GSM900 Layer Microcell
Neighbor
On PBGT reasons 2nd priority is microcell layer (Type 5), 3rd is the 900 layer (Type 1) On imperative reasons 2nd priority is 900 layer, then microcell layer - also other way round possible Band re-assignment to 1800 layer if call set-up on 900 layer (BPM 3)
Neighbor
BPM 3 Microcell Neighbor
Pwr bdgt HO
Imperative HO
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Feb 02 Slide Motorola Confidential Proprietary52

Serving Cell 900 microcell Layer

Neighbor
Band preference mode moves call in imperative and PBGT handover situations to 1800 layer as first priority
BPM 3
Macrocell
Neighbor
Neighbor
On PBGT reasons 2nd priority is microcell layer, no pbgt handover to 900 layer enabled On imperative reasons 2nd priority is 900 layer, then microcell layer - also swapped priority possible Band re-assignment to 1800 layer if call set-up on microcell layer
GSM900 Layer
BPM 3
Microcell Microcell
Server
Neighbor
Pwr bdgt HO
Imperative HO
Motorola Confidential Proprietary Feb 02 Slide Motorola Confidential Proprietary53

Database Settings Example
Example of ALM and Handover parameter settings in a dual-band network
Dual Band Statistics

interband_activity
This statistic will count the interband handover attempts based on the target frequency band.
Bin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Name PGSM_HO_ATMPT EGSM_HO_ATMPT DCS1800_HO_ATMPT PCS1900_HO_ATMPT PGSM_HO_FAIL EGSM_HO_FAIL DCS1800_HO_FAIL Descriptions Record handover attempt to PGSM Record handover attempt to EGSM Record handover attempt to GSM1800 Record handover attempt to PCS1900 Record handover failure to PGSM Record handover failure to EGSM Record handover failure to GSM1800
7
8 9
PCS1900_HO_FAIL
INVALID_FREQ_ASGN INVALID_FREQ_HO
Record handover failure to PCS1900

Frequency not implemented for assignment request. Frequency not implemented for handover.
Dual Band Statistics (cont.. )

ms_tch_usage_by_type
This counter array statistic will track the length of time spent on a TCH by various types of mobiles.Duration measured in derived by multiplying with 6 seconds.
Bin 0 1 2 3 4 Name MS_PGSM_ONLY MS_DCS1800_ONLY MS_PCS1900_ONLY MS_PGSM_EGSM MS_PGSM_DCS1800 Descriptions Record duration of PGSM MS only Record duration of GSM1800 MS only Record duration of PCS1900 MS only Record PGSM and EGSM Record PGSM and GSM1800
5
6 7
MS_PGSM_EGSM_DCS1800
MS_PGSM_PCS1900 MS_PGSM_EGSM_PCS1900
Record PGSM, EGSM, and GSM1800

Record PGSM and PCS1900 Record PGSM, EGSM, and PCS1900
Dual Band Statistics (cont.. )

ms_access_by_type
This counter array statistic will track the number of system accesses by the various types of MSs.
Bin 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Name MS_PGSM_ONLY MS_DCS1800_ONLY MS_PCS1900_ONLY MS_PGSM_EGSM MS_PGSM_DCS1800 MS_PGSM_EGSM_DCS1800 MS_PGSM_PCS1900 MS_PGSM_EGSM_PCS1900 Descriptions Record duration of PGSM MS only Record duration of GSM1800 MS only Record duration of PCS1900 MS only Record PGSM and EGSM Record PGSM and GSM1800 Record PGSM, EGSM, and GSM1800 Record PGSM and PCS1900 Record PGSM, EGSM, and PCS1900

Dual Band Networks

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