DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH
CHARACTERISTICS:

It is original quotation of a talk It is always placed between two quotation marks It is always preceded by Capital letter

 Colon (:), Comma (,) are placed before direct speech when the introductory verb position is in the front Comma (,) are placed after direct speech when the introductory verb position is placed after or between the direct speech

 The use of punctuation like exclamation mark (!), question mark (?) that point type of sentence of direct speech do not change
Eg.

- Where do you live? she asked - My mother says to my sister: Wash your hands! - She yelled at me: Dont have the door open!

INDIRECT SPEECH

It is a kind of report sentence (reported speech) It retells ones talk or idea It undergoes certain modification

 It has three types of indirect speech

1. Imperative (Command/request) 2. Declarative (Statement) 3. Interrogative (question

1. Imperative (Command/request)
The reported is a command Because of a command so that it does not know subject The verb in direct imperative does not change

Imperative has contain verb 1 like go, sleep, open etc so in the indirect speech is preceded by to infinitive) namely to go, to sleep, to open

 It also has non verb, so the reported command is preceded by Be + adjective/adverb! like: be quiet, be happy, be here so in the Indirect Speech it becomes to be quiet, to be happy, to be here

POSITIVE IMPERATIVE:
DIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT SPEECH
She told me to go away She ordered her to go away

She said, Go away!

Come here! she said.

I said, Be quite! Be quiet! she yelled at the children She begged, Be happy! Please help me! she told him

She asked him to come there She commended them to come there

I begged us to be quite I suggested the children to be quite

She ordered the children to be quiet

She warned to be happy

She asked him to help her

NEGATIVE IMPERATIVE:
DIRECT SPEECH

INDIRECT SPEECH
She told me not to go away She ordered her not to go away
She asked him not to come there She commended them not to come there

She said, Dont go away! Dont Come here! she said

I said, Dont Be noisy!

I begged us not to be noisy I suggested the children not to be noisy

She warned us not to be lazy She begged, Dont be lazy! Dont be lazy! she said She advised Laila not to be lazy to Laila She told him not to Dont worry about it! worry about it She said to him

Declarative (Statement)
A. Pronoun and Possessive adjective

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH I He/She You me/he/she/them/I/him/her My his/her Our their/our
Your My/his/her

Declarative (Statement)
B. Adverb of time and Place DIRECT SPEECH now today tomorrow INDIRECT SPEECH then that day the next day the day after the following day a day later

next

the after the following

Declarative (Statement)
B. Adverb of time and Place
DIRECT SPEECH last ago yesterday INDIRECT SPEECH the before the previous the preceding before earlier the day before the previous day the preceeding day two days before there that those

the day before yesterday here this these

Declarative (Statement)
C. Tenses
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous

Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous

Declarative (Statement)
C. Tenses
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Future Simple Future Continuous Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous

Past Future Past Future Continuous Past Future Perfect Past Future Perfect Continuous

Declarative (Statement)
C. Tenses
DIRECT SPEECH Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect INDIRECT SPEECH Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect

Lets see the following changes

DIRECT SPEECH Verb 1 Verb 2 Is Am Are Have Has Do Does Was/were Did INDIRECT SPEECH Verb 2 Had + Verb 3 was was were had had did did had been had + verb 3

Lets see the following changes

DIRECT SPEECH Can May Must Shall Will INDIRECT SPEECH could might had to should would

Lets see the following changes

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Ought to + verb 1 been Could + verb 1 Might + verb 1 Should + verb 1 Would + verb 1

ought to + have + verb 3 /

could + have + verb 3 / been might + have + verb 3 / been should + have + verb3 / been would + have + verb 3 / been

Examples:
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Andi: I will go now. Rani: They love me. Ive been writing, Dina answered

Andi said that he would go then Rani told me they loved her Dina answered that she had been writing

Mother: I was sick yesterday.

Mother told that she had been sick the day before

3. Interrogative (question)
a. Preceded by Auxiliary
When the question is preceded by auxiliary that needs yes/No answer it will be used the conjunction if or whether in the indirect speech The steps how to make indirect speech:
The question sentence of the indirect speech is firstly changed to be statement It then follows the rules before

Example
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Doctor: Do you usually take a nap?

It is firstly changed to be: You usually take a nap

Doctor asks if/whether I usually take a nap

Example
DIRECT SPEECH

Mary: Are you a student? It is firstly changed to be: You are a student
INDIRECT SPEECH

Ratu asked if/whether I was a student

Example
DIRECT SPEECH
John: May I borrow your car?
Preceded by Question Word (QW)

It is firstly changed to be: I may borrow your car INDIRECT SPEECH John asked if he might borrow my John asked whether he might borrow my

a. Preceded by Question Words

In the question using Question Word (QW)

To form indirect speech the question is firstly changed to be statement QW: what, when, where, which, why, who, whom, etc. are used as conjunction

Example
DIRECT SPEECH
Andi: How do you spell your name?

- It is firstly changed to be: You spell your name INDIRECT SPEECH Andi asked how I spelt my name

Example
DIRECT SPEECH Sophia: Where can you keep your money safely?

It is firstly changed to be: You can keep your money safely

INDIRECT SPEECH

- Sophia asked me where I could keep my money safely.