Fall 2009 CE154 1

Closed Conduit Hydraulics

CE154 - Hydraulic Design
Lecture 6
Fall 2009 CE154 2
Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Flow
Synonyms
- closed conduit flow
- pipe flow
- pressurized flow
Objectives to introduce
- basic concepts of closed conduit flow,
- its hydraulics, and
- design method

Fall 2009 CE154 3
Concepts
Closed Conduit vs. Open Channel
Closed Conduit Open Channel
No free surface Free water surface
Gravity or pump driven
Gravity driven
Cavitation & other
sub-atmospheric-
pressure problems
Waves & other
surface disturbances
Reynolds Number Re Froude Number Fr
Fall 2009 CE154 4
Concepts Reynolds Number
Reynolds Number (ratio of inertia force
to viscous force)
V = velocity (ft/sec)
D = pipe diameter (ft)
= density of fluid (lbm/ft
3
)
= dynamic viscosity of fluid
(lbm/ftsec or lbfsec/ft
2
)
v = kinematic viscosity (ft
2
/sec)
v
VD VD
= = Re
Fall 2009 CE154 5
Concepts Froude Number
Froud Number (ratio of inertia force
to gravitational force)


V = velocity
g = gravitational acceleration
h = depth of water
gh
V
Fr =
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Concepts - Turbulence
Turbulent vs. laminar flow

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Concepts turbulent flow
Turbulent flow
- Critical Re (laminar to turbulent) in
the order of 1000
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Concepts laminar flow
Turbulent and Laminar flows
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Concepts uniform & steady flow
Uniform flow constant characteristics
with respect to space
Steady flow constant characteristics
with respect to time. Often adopted
when establishing pipe system design
parameters (pressure & flow at certain
locations). Consider unsteady
(transient) phenomena to refine design
(pipe pressure class and thickness)
Fall 2009 CE154 10
Conservation of Mass
1
2
Control Volume
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Conservation of Mass
Consider the control volume
O I
dt
dS
=
Fall 2009 CE154 12
Conservation of Mass
For steady & incompressible flow,

dS/dt = 0

I = O

V
1
A
1
= V
2
A
2


E V
i
A
i
= E V
o
A
o
Fall 2009 CE154 13
Conservation of Mass
Apply to a pipe junction, Q
1
+Q
2
= Q
3
+Q
4


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Conservation of Momentum
Newtons 2
nd
law the resultant of all
external forces on a system is equal
to the time rate of change of
momentum of this system
( )

=
dt
mV d
F
ext
Fall 2009 CE154 15
Conservation of Momentum
Consider this control volume (CV) of fluid in
a pipe elbow
1 1
2
2
Ax
1
=v
1
At
Ax
2
=v
2
At
Fall 2009 CE154 16
Conservation of Momentum
In a time At the fluid originally at
Section 1 moves to 1, and that at
Section 2 moves to 2
The control volume lost momentum equal
to that of the fluid contained between 1
and 1
(A
1
Ax
1
)V
1
= A
1
V
1
2
At = (QV
1
)At
At the same time it gained momentum
(QV
2
)At
Fall 2009 CE154 17
Conservation of Momentum
The time rate of change of momentum is
(QV
2
)- (QV
1
)
Hence, the 2nd Law becomes



This is the momentum equation for steady
flow. Use this convention:
QV
x1
EF
x
= QV
x2

QV
y1
EF
y
= QV
y2

Where depends on the direction of the
force w.r.t. the coordinate system

( )
V V F
in out ext
Q =

Fall 2009 CE154 18
Application of Momentum Eq.
Forces on a pipe elbow:
Taking momentum balance in the x
direction,
QV
1
+ (PA)
1
F
x
= Q(0)
F
x
= (PA)
1
+ QV
1
Fall 2009 CE154 19
Application of Momentum Eq.
Taking momentum balance in the y
direction,
External y force = (PA)
2
- F
y

Rate of change of momentum = QV
2

(where V
2
is in the negative direction)
(PA)
2
- F
y
= QV
2

F
y
= (PA)
2
- QV
2

= (PA)
2
+ Q,V
2
,
Fall 2009 CE154 20
Conservation of Energy
In pipeline design, most often
consider steady state flow not
varying with time - first
Steady state (SS) Bernoulli Equation
along a streamline:

h
g g
z
V
p
z
V
p
A + + + = + +
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2
Fall 2009 CE154 21
Conservation of Energy
Pressure head p/
Elevation head z
Velocity head V
2
/2g
Piezometric head p/ + z
(hydraulic grade line)
Total head p/ + z + V
2
/2g
(energy grade line)
Head Loss Ah

Fall 2009 CE154 22
Uniform Flow:
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Example 3-1
A plane jet of unit discharge q
0
strikes
a boundary at an angle of 45, what will
be the ratio of q
1
/q
2
for the divided
flow?
Fall 2009 CE154 25
Head Losses
Include mostly 2 types of losses:
1. Friction Loss
- resulting from friction between the
fluid and pipe wall
2. Minor Loss
- resulting from pipe entrance,
transition, exit, valve and other in-line
structures
Fall 2009 CE154 26
Friction Loss
Most useful head loss equation for
closed-conduit flow Darcy-Weisbach
equation

g D
L
f
V
h
f
2
2
=
Dimensionless
Friction
coefficient
Pipe
diameter
Pipe
length
Pipe
velocity
Friction head
loss
Gravitational
acceleration
Fall 2009 CE154 27
Friction Loss
Darcy-Weisbach equation
- derived from basic relationships of
physics
- ] dimensionless, app. to all unit systems
- ] determined from experimental data
Other friction loss relationships Hazen-
Wiliams, Manning, Chezy, etc. are also
used in the industry, but are less
accurate and will not be discussed here
Fall 2009 CE154 28
Darcy-Weisbach ]
Laminar flow (Re<2000)



Turbulent flow in smooth pipes
(Re>4000)



( ) 8 . 0 Re log 2
1
= f
f
Re
64
= f
Fall 2009 CE154 29
Darcy-Weisbach ] (contd)
Turbulent flow in rough pipes



Transition between turbulent smooth
and rough pipes

|
.
|

\
|
=
D
e
f
log 2 14 . 1
1
(
(

+ =
f
D
e
f Re
51 . 2
7 . 3
log 2
1
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Friction Loss
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Fall 2009 CE154 32
Darcy-Weisbach ]
Most recent development of Darcy
Weisbach coefficient - Explicit
equation [Swamee and Jain, 1976]
applicable to entire turbulent flow
regime (smooth, transition and rough
pipes):

2
9 . 0
Re
74 . 5
7 . 3
log
25 . 0
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
D
e
f
Fall 2009 CE154 33
Minor Loss
Use minor loss coefficient (k) in this
form

g
k
V
h
l
2
2
=
Fall 2009 CE154 34
Minor Loss
Fall 2009 CE154 35
Minor Loss
For abrupt expansion, from D
1
to D
2
,
the loss coefficient may be estimated
by

2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
D
D V
h
k
g
k
l
Minor Loss
American Water Works Association
Steel Pipe, A guide for design and
installation, Manual of Water Supply
Practices, M11, 4
th
Edition, 2004

Fall 2009 CE154 36
Minor Loss

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Fall 2009 CE154 38
Minor Loss
Valve manufacturer has loss curves
typically presented in terms of C
v
vs.
valve opening degrees.
C
v
is defined as the flow rate in gallons
per minute of 60 water that flows
through the valve under 1 psi of head
loss.

Fall 2009 CE154 39
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Globe Valve
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Angle Valve
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Example using HGL & EGL
Fall 2009 CE154 43
Example 3-2
p. 2.24 of Mays Hydraulic Design
Handbook Calculate f and e/D from
given discharge
P=3MPa
V
2
/2g=
1.21 m
El. 100 m
El. 200 m
Atmospheric
Pressure
Q=1.8 cms
D=27 in
L=2500 m
Fall 2009 CE154 44
Example 3-3
Same problem but now we have an 20
in-line ball valve with a 20 bore opened
at 70 from closed position, a
contraction and expansion section each
connected to the valve, and 2 90
elbows with r/D=2. What is the f now?