Subject: Dynamics Kinematics Of Particles : Newtons Second Law

Introduction : Dynamics
Dynamics is concerned with bodies having accelerated motion which includes: - Kinematics: study of the geometry of motion. Kinematics is used to relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time without reference to the cause of motion. Kinetics: study of the relations existing between the forces acting on a body, the mass of the body, and the motion of the body. Kinetics is used to predict the motion caused by given forces or to determine the forces required to produce a given motion.

Introduction: Newtons Second Law Motion

Newtons first and third laws are sufficient for the study of bodies at rest (statics) or bodies in motion with no acceleration. When a body accelerates (changes in velocity magnitude or direction), Newtons second law is required to relate the motion of the body to the forces acting on it. Newtons second law: - A particle will have an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of the resultant force acting on it and in the direction of the resultant force. - The resultant of the forces acting on a particle is equal to the rate of change of linear momentum of the particle. - The sum of the moments about O of the forces acting on a particle is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum of the particle about O.

 Newtons Second Law: If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the particle will have an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of resultant and in the direction of the resultant. Consider a particle subjected to constant forces,
1 1

2 2

3 3

=.= constant = mass, m

When a particle of mass m is acted upon by a force the acceleration of the particle must satisfy = m Acceleration must be evaluated with respect to a Newtonian frame of reference, i.e., one that is not accelerating or rotating. If force acting on particle is zero, particle will not accelerate, i.e., it will remain stationary or continue on a straight line at constant velocity.

Linear Momentum Of The Particle

Linear momentum: The vector mv is called the linear momentum, denoted as L. This vector has the same direction as v. The linear momentum vector has units of (kgm)/s. Replacing the acceleration by the derivative of the velocity yields

=
=

= linear momentum of the particle Linear Momentum Conservation Principle:

If the resultant force on a particle is zero, the linear momentum of the particle remains constant in both magnitude and direction.

( )

Systems of units
The units for the four primary dimensions (force, mass, length, and time), three may be chosen arbitrarily. The fourth must be compatible with newtons 2nd Law. International System of Units(SI Units): base units are the units of length (m), mass (kg), and time (second). The unit of force is derived,

Equation Of Motion
Newtons second law provides = m Solution for particle motion is facilitated by resolving vector equation into scalar component equations, e.g., for rectangular components, ( Fx + Fy + Fz) = m(ax + ay + az) Fx=max Fy=may =

For tangential and normal component components. Ft=mat Fn=man Ft =

m

Fn =

2 m

Sample Problem
The 50-kg crane shown in figure 1 rest on a horizontal plane for which the coefficient of kinetic friction is k = 0.3. if the crate does not tip over when it is subjected to a 400 N towing force as shown, determine the velocity of the crate in 5 s starting from rest.
y

Figure 1

Solution sample problem 1.

Free body diagram The weight of the crate W = mg = 50 kg (9.81 m/s2 ) = 490.5 N Since the problem have the value of friction, so the frictional force has a magnitude F = kN= 0.3N and acts to the left, since it opposes the motion of the crate. The acceleration a is assumed to act horizontal, in the positive x direction. So, there are two unknowns N and a

Equations of Motion
Using the data shown on the free body diagram, we have

Fx = max, 400 cos 30o 0.3 N = 50 a (1) + Fy = may N 490.5 + 400 sin 30o = 0 (2) Solving equation 2 for N. substituting the results into equation 1., and solving for a yields N = 290.5 N a = 5.19 m/s2

Kinematics
Since the acceleration is constant, and the initial velocity is zero, the velocity of the crate in 5 s is ( ) v = v0 + at = 0 + 5.19(5) = 26.0 m/s
+