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J G Jackson
State Variables
We have seen that internal energy U is constructed from four distinct state variables P, V, T and S. Every state variable depends on every other state variable = , , = , , and so on for T, S. In essence Thermodynamics explains how state variables are changing with respect to each other. This requires the language of calculus.
= , = , = ,
=0
=1
Rule I
Partial derivatives commute
This means the order in which the operations are applied doesnt matter.
=
=
+
+
Rule II
Consider fixing , so that = 0. Then the equation reads = And similarly, the equation = So then we the inverse rule
= 1
Loose Ends
Finally, with fixed , the equation reads = Then can be substituted with (see previous slide) = Which, along with the inverse rule yields the somewhat counter intuitive relation = 1
Thermodynamic Potentials I
These abstract calculus relations are very useful when applied to already known energy potentials. You already know two of them, internal energy and enthalpy . Recall constant volume heat capacity =
Thermodynamic Potentials II
The fundamental relation for U read = Lets find an equivalent expression for = + = + = + + = + From this it should be clear that = , = ,
= =
Gibbs function = , = = +
Maxwell Relations
Now have 4 energy functions (, , , ) And 4 state variables (, , , )
We can derive useful relations between state variables by applying multivariate calculus rules to our energy potentials.
These are powerful tools which will allow us to transform easily between variables.