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Xiaofeng Liu, Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Texas at San Antonio
http://engineering.utsa.edu/CE/Liufac.html
Email: xiaofeng.liu@utsa.edu
ww.propublica.org
What is shale
Shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock composed of mud and tiny fragments of other minerals Shales are typically deposited in very slow moving water and are often found in lakes and lagoonal deposits, in river deltas, on floodplains and offshore from beach sands. Shale is characterized by breaks along thin laminae or parallel layering Usually has low permeability
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Limestone on shale.
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Source: wikipedia
Source: US DOE
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Chesapeake Energy hydraulic fracturing operation over the Eagle Ford shale formation near Carrizo Springs Source: San Antonio Express News
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An employee of Cheapeake Energy pours a chemical mixture called cross linked gel that is mixed with sand and used in the hydraulic fracturing process
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Injected fluid: water, gels, foams, and compressed gases, including nitrogen, carbon dioxide and air Proppant: sand, resin-coated sand, and manmade ceramics
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Most water used in hydraulic fracturing comes from surface water sources such as lakes, rivers and municipal supplies.
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Source: http://www.mahometaquiferconsortium.org
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http://www.mahometaquiferconsortium.org
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Hydraulic Fracturing
Xiaofeng Liu, Assistant Professor Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Texas at San Antonio
http://engineering.utsa.edu/CE/Liufac.html
Email: xiaofeng.liu@utsa.edu