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SYSTEM ANALYSIS,
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT and SYSTEM MODELS
System Analysis
Covering entire problem in context Systematic investigation of system objectives Deciding criteria for system effectiveness Evaluate alternatives in terms of effectiveness and cost Deciding boundaries and interfaces
System Concept
Group of interrelated, interdependent and interactive elements. Input Process - Output
Types of Systems
1. Conceptual and Empirical 2. Natural and Manufactured 3. Social, People-machine and Machine 4. Open and closed 5. Permanent and Temporary 6. Stationary and Non-stationary Systems 7. Subsystems and Super-systems 8. Adaptive and Non-adaptive 9. Stable and Unstable 10.Deterministic and Probabilistic
System Analyst
A person who conducts a methodological study and evaluation of an activity. Designing & implementing systems to suite organizational needs and translating into operations. Skills: Technical Skills, Interpersonal Skills, Management Skills, Analytical Skills
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Multifaceted Role of Analyst: Innovator Mediator Project Leader Change Agent Investigator and Monitor Architect Psychologist Motivator
Database Administrator
A DA is a person who is responsible for the environmental aspects of a database. This includes 1. Recoverability: Creating & testing backups 2. Integrity 3. Security : access control to data 4. Availability : updated data 5. Performance 6. Development and Testing Support Responsibilities of DA: 1. Defining Schema(structure of the data) 2. Users interaction 3. Defining security and integrity checks 4. Defining backup/recovery procedures 5. Monitoring performance
1. Installation of New Software 2. Configuration of hardware & software with the system administrator 3. Security administration. 4. Data analysis 5. Database design
Database Designer
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Role: Determine the data to be stored in the database Determine the relationships between the different data elements Superimpose a logical structure upon the data on the basis of these relationships. Activities: Requirement of Collection & Analysis Conceptual Database Design Data Model Mapping Physical Database Design Following elements are considered by Database Designer while designing the system: Data Flow Data stores Process Procedures Controls
System Development
When system approach to business problem solving is applied to information system development it is called Information System Development. Information System Development Cycle : Multistep process. Different Roles in System Development:
Project Managers
Support Staff System Analyst Users Technical Specialists System Stakeholders Software Programmers
1. Investigation
5. Maintenance
2. Analysis
4.
Implementation
3. Design
System Investigation
1. 2. 3. 4. Questions that have to be answered are: Is there any business problem or business opportunity? What is causing a problem? Would a new or improved information system help to solve the problem? What would be a feasible information system solution to our problem?
1 2
System Analysis
System analysis is a systematic investigation of a real or planned system to determine the functions of the system and how they relate to each other and to any other system. It is an in-depth study of users information needs. Characteristics of the System Analysis: 1. Top-down approach 2. Use of tools and techniques( DFD, context diagram etc.) 3. Abstraction of models: Separation between physical model and logical model. Physical model: Surveying current system & designing new system. Logical model: Analyzing system requirements. 4. Users role 5. Iterative development 6. Use of advance technology: It makes it less complex 7. Use with prototyping
1.
2.
3.
To define a set of system requirements that can be validated after software building.
System Analysis
Analysis of the Organizational Environment Analysis of the Present System
System Requirements
System Design
System Analysis concerned about WHAT the new system has to do? Whereas System Design concerned about HOW it will be done? System analyst will do following things: 1. Scheduling for design activities 2. Determines different data inputs with the help of user. 3. Draws the logical model of a new system. 4. Drawing process model of the new system. 5. Writes program specifications 6. Ordering any hardware or software required by system design phase.
System Design
Types of System Design: 1. Logical Design(Blueprint): It deals with specifications of major features of the system that would meet the objectives. It deals with content requirements. Components: 1. Outputs(Reports, displays) 2. Inputs(Forms, receipts, documents) 3. Procedures(to collect, transform and output data) 4. Storage 5. Control(data integrity, security etc) 2. Physical Design: Blueprint as a input. Produces program specifications. Physical files or database. Designing user interface with help of hardware and software packages.
System Design
System Implementation
Overview of implementation phase
Implementation Activities
System Documentation
Conversion
SALARY DETAILS Gross salary: Tax deductions : Other deductions: Net salary :
P12453
P12455
C03214
C52313
0
1
1
2
1
3
26
24
System Maintenance is performed : 1. To correct errors 2. To keep system current 3. To improve the system.
Structured SAD
SSADM -Structured System Analysis and Design Methodology.
Objectives of SSADM
1. Ensure that projects can successfully continue and loss of staff should not affect the project. 2. Develop overall better quality system 3. Improve project management and control. 4. Making effective use of employees and developing them 5. Ensuring support of computer based tools 6. Improve communication between participants.
Advantages of SSADM
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Timeliness Usability Respond to changes in Business Environment Effective use of Skills Better Quality by reducing error rate. Productivity Improvement
SSADM Tools
SSADM Tools
Process Modeling Tools Structured English Logic Modeling Tools Decision Tree Decision Table Data Modeling Tools E-R Diagrams Data Dictionary
Structured Diagram
2.
Data Flow:
3.
Store:
4.
Weekly Pay
Total Pay
Deduct Taxes
Net Payment
Issue Paycheck
Check
Worker
Tax Rates
Worker
Context Diagram
CD is the highest level in a Data flow diagram(DFD).
CD represents entire system scope. So the process given number 0 ( 0 level context diagram).
All external entities are shown as well as major data flow to and from them. Data stores are not shown in context level diagram. Since the scope of the project is always subject to change, context level diagram is also subject to change.
Structured Chart
It is a top-down modular design tool. Structure: Number of rectangular boxes to represent modules and joining arrows to them. Hierarchical Structure. Easy representation of complex processes. Represents interaction between independent modules and data passing between them. It helps programmers in writing program codes. Structured charts show: 1 The size & complexity of the system 2. Number of identifiable functions & modules within each function 3. Whether is identifiable sub functions are manageable entities or should be broken down into smaller components.
Recruiting Employees
1.1.1 1.1.3 1.1.4
Publish advertisement
1.1.2
Collect CVs
Scheduling Interviews
Decision trees
A decision tree is a decision support tool that uses a treelike graph or model of decisions and their possible consequences Graphical representation. Decision trees are prepared before doing knowledge codification. Decision tree is the hierarchically arranged semantic network. Closely related to decision table. It consists of nodes and links. Nodes : Goals Links : Decisions Read left to right All nodes represent cases or alternatives. Example: Discount policy for any customer
6 or more copies
Customer is bookstore Less than 6 copies Discount Policy
Discount 25%
Discount is NIL
6-19 copies
Less than 6 copies
Decision Tables
It is a convenient way to organize information in systematic manner. It is a table defining problem and the actions to be taken. It shows relationships between conditions and actions.
Decision Tables
Conditions Stub Action Stub Conditions Entries Action entries
Dcision table is like spreadsheet. Decision trees are prepared before doing knowledge codification. Two parts: 1. List of conditions and their respective values 2. List of conclusions Read Top to Bottom
IF(Condition)
THEN(Action)
Prototyping Model
Prototype is a working model of the actual system. This model of system development is suitable when requirements are incomplete, inconsistent and unclear. Instead of freezing the requirements, system design & coding is done. Throwaway Prototype. Based on currently known requirements, prototype is built. Better user involvement in formulating final stable requirements. At any point users can access the system. Prototyping is suited for complicated and large systems. It helps in understanding customer needs.
Refine Requirements
Customer Evaluation of Prototype Design
Build Prototype
Implement Test
Maintain
Spiral model
It is an evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative nature of prototyping. Also it is having controlled and systematic aspects of Water Fall Model. Spiral model gives emphasis on risk management techniques. Each round of the spiral identifies sub-problem having highest risk and its solution. Spiral Model risk avoidance driven.
Spiral Model
1. 2. 3. Clockwise direction. Each loop represents a phase in software process. First loop - Feasibility study, Second loop Requirement analysis and so on. Each phase may have two to three loops. Advantages : Risk identification and reduction. Iterative process Systematic approach
RAD Model
RAD Rapid Application Development. It is an incremental software process model that emphasizes a short development cycle. Rapid speed adaption of Water Fall Model. Quick reviews are possible. Encourages users feedback It requires commitment from developer and user side. Difficult to attain high performance. Not applicable for highly technical projects. Assumptions: 1. Requirements are well understood 2. Project scope is not very high. It requires highly skilled and well-trained developers.
Database Management System(DBMS) Importance Creates integrated and collaborative business environment. Quick access to data using query asking. Use of non-procedural languages such as SQL(Structured Query Language). Queries help to access data without waiting for reports from information system department. DBMS is foundation for KMS, ERP, SCM, DM,DW and many more applications.
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Characteristics Sharable : e.g. sales order information Consistent Reduced redundancy Standardized