CHAPTER 2 : CELL STRUCTURE & CELL ORGANISATION

2.1 Cell Structure & Function 2.2 Cell Organisation

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2.1 CELL STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Learning Outcomes :
1. Draw & label an animal cell and a plant cell 2. Identify the cellular components of an animal cell & a plant cell 3. State the functions of the cellular components in an animal and a plant cell 4. Compare & contrast an animal cell with a plant cell 5. Relate the density of certain organelles with the functions of specific cells.
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HISTORY
Robert Hooke (1665) was first discovered the cell structure of plant He examined fine slices of cork with a primitive microscope He saw many box-like structures , then he called cells, from Latin for little rooms.
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THE CELL THEORY

(Schleiden M & Schwann T)
All living organisms are made up of one or more cells New cells are formed by the division of pre-existing cells Cells contain genetic material of an organism which is passed from the parent cells to daughter cells Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in living things
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 ORGANELLES specialised structures which are each surrounded by its own membrane & perform specific function

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PLASMA MEMBRANE

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CYTOPLASM

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CELL WALL

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NUCLEUS

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RIBOSOME

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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GOLGI APPARATUS

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VACUOLE

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MITOCHONDRIA

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CHLOROPLAST

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LYSOSOMES

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CENTRIOLES

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COMPARE & CONTRAST

ANIMAL CELL SIMILARITIES PLANT CELL

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ANIMAL CELL

DIFFERENCES
SIZE SHAPE

PLANT CELL

CELL WALL
CHLOROPLAST

VACUOLES

FOOD STORAGE
CENTRIOLES CILIA & FLAGELLA
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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF AN ANIMAL CELL & A PLANT CELL

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 The number of specific organelles in a cell varies on __________and its _________. Active cell many ____________to provide enough ____________for its activities. Eg. : ______________________________________
Cell in __________________________________ Green plants more ___________to carry out _________________such as __________________
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EXERCISE 2.1
1. What are the organelle structures of a cell? 2. What are the functions of each structure describe above?

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Predict the state of certain cells without a particular component. Illustrate that most cells are specialised for the job that they perform.
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Appreciating the Uniqueness of the Cell

A living cell is a basic unit of life. Cells are characterised by both uniformity & diversity in terms of structure & function.

Living cells resemble one another in fundamental ways : -

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 The diversity of cell structure & function are due to cellular specialisation & division of labour. For example, -

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THE SECRETION OF EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES IN AN ANIMAL CELL

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. DNA on chromosome in nucleus carries genetic information. Production of mRNA ___ Proteins are _________ Proteins transported by _________. Proteins depart from ER wrapped in ________ Transport vesicles fuse with ____________________which modifies & packages the proteins. ___________________contain inactive enzyme (proenzyme). Secretory vesicles fuse with the PM & enzymes are secreted __________________
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STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/ CELLULAR COMPONET CONDITION OF THE CELL No protein & enzyme synthesis Cellular activities cannot be carried out. No cell division Cell dies No protein synthesis Growth is inhibited Enzymes, antibodies & some hormones cannot be produced.
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NUCLEUS

RIBOSOME

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STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/ CELLULAR COMPONET CONDITION OF THE CELL No aerobic respiration Energy not released for cellular activities

MITOCHONDRION

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Transportation of proteins synthesised by ribosome does not occur.

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STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/ CELLULAR COMPONET SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM CONDITION OF THE CELL synthesis & transport of lipids cannot be carried

GOLGI APPARATUS

Cell cannot secrete digestive enzymes, hormones & mucin. Lysosomes cannot be produced.

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STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/ CELLULAR COMPONET CONDITION OF THE CELL
No intracellular digestion of food, worn out organelled, old or damaged cells. Plant cell loses its shape & turgidity No space to store soluble food & waste products No photosynthesis

LYSOSOMES VACUOLES

CHLOROPLAST

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STATE OF CELLS WITHOUT PARTICULAR CELLULAR COMPONENT

MISSING ORGANELLE/ CELLULAR COMPONET CONDITION OF THE CELL
Plant cell lost its shape, absorb water & burst.

CELL WALL

PLASMA MEMBRANE

No regulation of substances

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state the necessity for cell specialisation in multicellular organisms as compared to unicellular organisms To describe cell specialisation in multicellular organisms To describe cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organs & systems in multicellular organisms.
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CELL ORGANISATION
Organisms are divided into 2 : unicellular organisms & multicellular organisms Unicellular organisms :- single-cell organisms such as Amoeba sp. & Paramecium sp. Each cell is able to carry out all the functions of life independently. Multicellular organisms :- larger organisms with more than one cell Need many different types of cells to carry out all the different functions of life Each cell has to change in shape & form during cell specialisation to become specific cells in order to perform different functions
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2.2 CELL ORGANISATION

UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS Simple organisms consisting of only one cell each Able to carry out all living processes in order to survive Examples : Amoeba and Paramecium (protozoa)
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Amoeba sp.

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Paramecium sp.

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REPRODUCTION

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MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
Organisms that have more than one cell More complex than unicellular organisms Need many different types of cells to carry out their life process. Achieved through cell specialisation and cell organisation.
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CELL SPECIALISATION
Achieved through the process of DIFFERENTIATION ____________________ ________________________________ _______________________________ Each type of cell performs only one specific function. This is known as division of labour. Through these, different functions in the body can be performed at the same time and can be carried out smoothly and efficiently.
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CELL
Basic units of life in all organisms. The structural features of cells are related to their functions. Cells undergo differentiation to acquire special structures and become specialised cells with specific functions.
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TISSUES
A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function Four main types of animal tissues : epithelial tissues, nervous tissues, muscle tissues & connective tissues. Mnemonic (EN.MyC) The four main types of plant tissues : epidermis tissue, meristem tissue, vascular tissue & ground tissue MNEMONIC EM..VideoGames!
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Types of animal cell

Epithelial tissues

Characteristics
Consist of epithelial cells arranged in a continuous layer

Functions
Cover the body

Protect the underlying Absorb Form secretory gland Nervous tissues Consist of nerve cells called neuron Found in brain and spinal cord Send & receive

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Muscle tissues

Consisting of muscle cells which can contract to perform work 3 types :

Cause body movement

Connective tissues

Consist of Blood,

Join together body structures, as well as protect,

Can store

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Types of plant tissues Epidermis tissue

Characteristic

Functions

Consisting of one Covers the entire surface of the layer of cells plant Examples : Protect underlying tissues from Reduces Epidermal cells of leaf differentiate to become guard cells while those at the root, become ___________

Meristem tissue Consists if undifferentiated cells which are able to divide Occurs at
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Produces new cells by

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Vascular tissue

Consists of xylem tissues & phloem tissues

Transport water & mineral salts from roots to the stems & leaves by Transport dissolved nutrients such as glucose from the leaves to the roots & stems by Xylems tissues

Ground tissue

Consists of

Produces food
Provides

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1. Ground tissue whose main function is to

2. Parenchyma includes cells that

3. Collenchyma forms the

4. Sclerenchyma is
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ORGANS
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function Examples of organs in animal: heart, kidneys, lungs, skin & stomach. Examples of organs in plant : leaves, stems, roots & flowers. Certain organ perform more than one function.
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SYSTEMS
Several organs which work together to carry out a specific function The human body has twelve different systems All the system work together to form an organism Flowering plant has two main systems : root system, shoot system
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MAJOR SYSTEMS IN HUMANS

Integumentary Circulatory Endocrine Lymphatic Nervous Digestive

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Muscular Excretory Skeletal Respiratory Reproductive

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THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

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THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT :

INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT :

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 EXTRACELLULAR FLUID :
HOMEOSTASIS : the process to regulate the physical & chemical factors in the internal environment so that it is always constant & at its optimal condition for the cells to function efficiently

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INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT of MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM

A multicellular organism consists of all the different organ systems, each specialised to carry out certain functions.

They work together as an integrated & coordinated unit. To stay alive, the cells in a multicellular organism must remain bathed in a FLUID that offers nutrients & carries away metabolic wastes.
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 The combined contributions of individual cells, organs & organ systems help maintain the STABLE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT required for individual cell survival. Any increase in the value of a physical or chemical factor will trigger the homeostatic mechanism to bring it back to normal (negative feedback mechanism)
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

PHYSICAL FACTORS

CHEMICAL FACTORS

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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

Body temperature Blood glucose level Blood pH Concentration of oxygen & carbon dioxide in the blood Osmotic pressure of blood
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BODY TEMPERATURE
To regulates & maintains human body temperature at 37oC.

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Excretion and Homeostasis - Excretion means the removal of waste products from cells. - There are five important excretory organs in humans: 1. Skin :excretes sweat 2. Lungs : excrete 3. Liver ; excretes bile,

4. Gut : excretes (The bulk of faeces comprises plant fibre and bacterial cells, which have never been absorbed into the body, so are not excreted but egested.)

5. Kidney : excrete urine,