Polymers

Prepared By

Dr. Harminder Singh

Department of Chemistry Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India. E-mail: harminder.singh@lpu.co.in

Preapred by: Dr. Harminder Singh

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A polymer is a high molar mass molecular compound made up of many repeating chemical units. Naturally occurring polymers Proteins Nucleic acids Cellulose

Rubber Synthetic polymers

Nylon Dacron

Lucite

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Structure Classification Synthesis

Skeletal Structure Chemical Structure

Linear a chain with two ends

Branched have side chains

Crosslinked (Networked) chains are connected to other chains

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The simple repeating unit of a polymer is the monomer.

Homopolymer is a polymer made up of only one type of monomer

( CF2 CF2 )n ( CH2 CH2 )n ( CH2 CH )n Cl PVC

Teflon

Polyethylene

Copolymer is a polymer made up of two or more monomers

( CH

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2 )n

Styrene-butadiene rubber

25.2

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Thermoplastic Elastomer Thermoset

 Linear

or branched polymers which can be melted when heat is applied. Can be molded into any shape with processing techniques such as injection molding or extrusion. Most common plastics

 bottles, grocery bags, water piping, rope, fishing line, car parts Most are recyclable Natural thermoplastics silk, cellulose (proteins), polylactic acid
Plastics

1 PETE soft drink bottles 2 LDPE plastic bags, toys 3 PVC water pipes 4 HDPE milk jugs 5 PP bottle caps 6 PS styrofoam

 Crosslinked

(networked) rubbery polymers that can be stretched easily (3-10x original size) Rapidly recover original dimensions when applied stress is released. Low degree of crosslinking

 examination gloves, rubber bands, bouncing balls Not recyclable Degrades (burns/scorches) when heat is added Natural elastomers natural rubber, latex
Uses

 Normally

are rigid materials. Network polymers in which chain motion is greatly restricted by a high degree of crosslinking. Cannot be reshaped once formed.
epoxy

 high temperature electrical applications, super glue, counter top laminates, epoxy resins, tires (vulcanized rubber) Cannot be recycled (burn/scorch with heat) Natural* thermosets vulcanized rubber
Uses

Polymerization
Addition Polymerization Condensation Polymerization

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Reactions in which monomers combine without the elimination of a small molecule.

Usually involves the breaking of a double bond.

Initiation Creation of an active site (free radical). Propagation Growth of polymer chain by addition of a monomer to an active site and the creation of a new active site.

Termination Growth of chain stops.

Combination Two growing chains collide. Disproportionation A hydrogen atom is added to the end of a growing chain.

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Occurs in the presence of a Lewis acid

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Reactions in which small molecules (H2O, HCl) are eliminated when the monomers combine. e.g. Nylon66
H2N HO C O CH 2 4 C O OH

NH2

O HO C O CH 2 4 C NH NH2

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Good fibre-forming material and is converted into commercial fibres. Such fibres have high stretch resistance, high crease and wrinkle resistance. Highly resistant to mineral and organic acid, but is less resistant to alkalies. Used for making synthetic fibres like terylene, dacron etc. For blending with wool to provise better crease and wrinkle resistance. A glass reinforcing material in safety helmets, aircraft battery boxes, etc.
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Stereoisomers of Polymers R groups on same side of chain Isotactic

R groups alternate from side to side Syndiotactic R groups disposed at random Atactic

in an organic solvent like heptane

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A typical Ziegler-Natta catalyst is a combination of TiCl4 and (CH3CH2)2AlCl, or TiCl3 and (CH3CH2)3Al. Many Ziegler-Natta catalyst combinations include a metallocene.

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Al(CH2CH3)3

TiCl4

ClAl(CH2CH3)2 + CH3CH2TiCl3

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Al(CH2CH3)3

TiCl4

ClAl(CH2CH3)2 + CH3CH2TiCl3

CH3CH2TiCl3

H2C

CH2

CH3CH2TiCl3

H2C
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CH2
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CH3CH2TiCl3

H2C
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CH2
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TiCl3

CH3CH2CH2CH2

CH3CH2TiCl3

H2C
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CH2
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TiCl3

CH3CH2CH2CH2

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH2

TiCl3

CH3CH2CH2CH2
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CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2

TiCl3

H2C

CH2

TiCl3

CH3CH2CH2CH2
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CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2

TiCl3

H2C

CH2

etc.

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