Zigbee

ZigBee and 802.15.
Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.
IEEE 802.15.4 Standard
IEEE 802.15.4 Basics

802.15.4 is a simple packet data protocol for lightweight wireless networks
Channel Access is via Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision avoidance and optional time slotting Message acknowledgement and an optional beacon structure Multi-level security Three bands, 27 channels specified
2.4 GHz: 16 channels, 250 kbps 868.3 MHz : 1 channel, 20 kbps 902-928 MHz: 10 channels, 40 kbps
Works well for

Long battery life, selectable latency for controllers, sensors, remote monitoring and portable electronics
Configured for maximum battery life, has the potential to last as long as the shelf life of most batteries
Introduction to the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

IEEE 802.15.4 standard released May 2003
Semiconductor manufacturers
Sampling Transceiver ICs and platform hardware/software to Alpha Customers now
Users of the technology

Defining application profiles for the first products, an effort organized by the ZigBee Alliance
IEEE 802.15.4 standard

Includes layers up to and including Link Layer Control
LLC is standardized in 802.1
Supports multiple network topologies including Star, Cluster Tree and Mesh Features of the MAC: Association/dissociation, ACK, frame delivery, channel access mechanism, frame validation, guaranteed time slot management, beacon management, channel scan Low complexity: 26 primitives versus 131 primitives for 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
ZigBee Application Framework Networking App Layer (NWK) Data Link Controller (DLC)
IEEE 802.15.4 LLC
IEEE 802.2 LLC, Type I
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

IEEE 802.15.4 868/915 MHz PHY IEEE 802.15.4 2400 MHz PHY
IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview

Employs 64-bit IEEE & 16-bit short addresses
Ultimate network size can reach 264 nodes (more than well probably need) Using local addressing, simple networks of more than 65,000 (2^16) nodes can be configured, with reduced address overhead
Three devices specified

Network Coordinator Full Function Device (FFD) Reduced Function Device (RFD)
Simple frame structure Reliable delivery of data Association/disassociation AES-128 security CSMA-CA channel access Optional superframe structure with beacons GTS mechanism
IEEE 802.15.4 Device Types

Three device types
Network Coordinator
Maintains overall network knowledge; most sophisticated of the three types; most memory and computing power
Full Function Device

Carries full 802.15.4 functionality and all features specified by the standard Additional memory, computing power make it ideal for a network router function Could also be used in network edge devices (where the network touches the real world)
Reduced Function Device

Carriers limited (as specified by the standard) functionality to control cost and complexity General usage will be in network edge devices
All of these devices can be no more complicated than the transceiver, a simple 8-bit MCU and a pair of AAA batteries!
Data Frame format
One of two most basic and important structures in 15.4 Provides up to 104 byte data payload capacity Data sequence numbering to ensure that all packets are tracked Robust frame structure improves reception in difficult conditions Frame Check Sequence (FCS) ensures that packets received are without error
Acknowledgement Frame Format
The other most important structure for 15.4 Provides active feedback from receiver to sender that packet was received without error Short packet that takes advantage of standardsspecified quiet time immediately after data packet transmission
MAC Command Frame format
Mechanism for remote control/configuration of client nodes Allows a centralized network manager to configure individual clients no matter how large the network
Beacon Frame format
Beacons add a new level of functionality to a network Client devices can wake up only when a beacon is to be broadcast, listen for their address, and if not heard, return to sleep Beacons are important for mesh and cluster tree networks to keep all of the nodes synchronized without requiring nodes to consume precious battery energy listening for long periods of time
MAC Options
Two channel access mechanisms
Non-beacon network
Standard ALOHA CSMA-CA communications Positive acknowledgement for successfully received packets
Superframe structure
Beacon-enabled network
Three security levels specified
For dedicated bandwidth and low latency Set up by network coordinator to transmit beacons at predetermined intervals 15ms to 252sec (15.38ms*2n where 0 n 14) 16 equal-width time slots between beacons Channel access in each time slot is contention free
None Access control lists Symmetric key employing AES-128
Non-Beacon vs Beacon Modes

Non-Beacon Mode
A simple, traditional multiple access system used in simple peer and near-peer networks Think of it like a two-way radio network, where each client is autonomous and can initiate a conversation at will, but could interfere with others unintentionally However, the recipient may not hear the call or the channel might already be in use
Beacon Mode
A very powerful mechanism for controlling power consumption in extended networks like cluster tree or mesh Allows all clients in a local piece of the network the ability to know when to communicate with each other Here, the two-way radio network has a central dispatcher who manages the channel and arranges the calls
As youll see, the primary value will be in system power consumption
Example of Non-Beacon Network

Commercial or home security
Client units (intrusion sensors, motion detectors, glass break detectors, standing water sensors, loud sound detectors, etc)
Sleep 99.999% of the time Wake up on a regular yet random basis to announce their continued presence in the network (12 oclock and alls well) When an event occurs, the sensor wakes up instantly and transmits the alert (Somebodys on the front porch)
The ZigBee Coordinator, mains powered, has its receiver on all the time and so can wait to hear from each of these stations
Since ZigBee Coordinator has infinite source of power it can allow clients to sleep for unlimited periods of time to allow them to save power
Example of Beacon Network

Now make the ZigBee Coordinator battery-operated also
All units in system are now battery-operated Client registration to the network
Client unit when first powered up listens for the ZigBee Coordinators network beacon (interval between 0.015 and 252 seconds) Register with the coordinator and look for any messages directed to it Return to sleep, awaking on a schedule specified by the ZigBee Coordinator Once client communications are completed, ZigBee coordinator also returns to sleep
Longer intervals of sleep mean that the timer must be more accurate or Turn on earlier to make sure that the beacon is heard, increasing receiver power consumption, or Improve the quality of the timing oscillator circuit (increase cost) or Control the maximum period of time between beacons to not exceed 252 seconds, keeping oscillator circuit costs low
This timing requirement potentially impacts the cost of the timing circuit in each end device
Application examples: environmental sensors in the forest
Growing the Network
In a beacon-environment, growing the network means keeping the overall network synchronized According to pre-existing network rules, the joining networks PAN Coordinator is probably demoted to Router, and passes along information about its network (as required) to the PAN coordinator Beacon information passed from ZigBee Coordinator to now-Router, router knows now when to awake to hear network beacon
Joining Network
Demoted to router
Existing networks Coordinator
New link established
Frequencies and Data Rates
The two PHY bands (UHF/Microwave) have different physical, protocol-based and geopolitical characteristics
Worldwide coverage available at 2.4GHz at 250kbps 900MHz for Americas and some of the Pacific 868MHz for European-specific markets
ISM Band Interference and Coexistence

Potential for interference exists in every ISM band, not just 2.4GHz IEEE 802.11 and 802.15.2 committees are addressing coexistence issues ZigBee/802.15.4 Protocol is very robust
Clear channel checking before transmission Backoff and retry if no acknowledgement received Duty cycle of a ZigBee-compliant device is usually extremely low Its the cockroach that survives the nuclear war
Waits for an opening in otherwise busy RF spectrum Waits for acknowledgements to verify packet reception at other end
PHY Performance
802.15.4 has excellent performance in low SNR environments
IEEE1451.5 Sensor Group Wireless Criteria

A survey was conducted mid-2002 on the characteristics of a wireless sensor network most important to its users In order of importance, these characteristics are
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Data Reliability Battery Life Cost Transmission Range Data Rate Data Latency Physical Size Data Security
How would you modify these requirements, if at all?
802.15.4 and the

IEEE 802.15.4
Composed of many of the individuals and companies that make up the ZigBee Alliance Developed the basic PHY and MAC standard with the requirement that 15.4 be simple and manageable and that high-level functionality (networking, security key management, applications) be considered
The ZigBee Alliance is

A consortium of end users and solution providers, primarily responsible for the development of the 802.15.4 standard Developing applications and network capability utilizing the 802.15.4 packet delivery mechanism Addresses application and interoperability needs of a substantial part of the market
Mission Statement
ZigBee Alliance members are defining global standards for reliable, costeffective, low power wireless applications. The ZigBee Alliance is a rapidly growing, non-profit industry consortium of leading semiconductor manufacturers, technology providers, OEMs and end users worldwide.
What is the ZigBee Alliance?

Organization defining global standards for reliable, cost-effective, low power wireless applications A rapidly growing, worldwide, non-profit industry consortium of
Leading semiconductor manufacturers Technology providers OEMs End-users
Sensors are one of the reasons for ZigBee!
What is ZigBee technology?

Cost-effective, standards-based wireless networking solution Developed for and targets applications that need
Low to moderate data rates and low duty cycles Low average power consumption / long battery life Security and reliability Flexible and dynamic network topologies
Star, cluster tree and mesh networks
Interoperable application frameworks controlled by an industry alliance to ensure interoperability/compatibility
The ZigBee Alliance Solution

Targeted at
Industrial and Commercial control/monitoring systems Wireless sensor systems Home and Building automation and controls Medical monitoring Consumer electronics PC peripherals
Industry standard through application profiles Primary drivers

Simplicity Long battery life Networking capabilities Reliability Low cost
Alliance member companies provide interoperability and certification testing
Why do we need ZigBee technology?

ONLY standards-based technology that
Addresses the unique needs of most remote monitoring and control and sensory network applications Enables the broad-based deployment of wireless networks with low cost, low power solutions Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive primary batteries for a typical monitoring application
What kind of battery life can a user expect?

ZigBee protocol was designed from the ground up to support
very long life battery applications
Users can expect

Near-shelf life in a typical monitoring application
Battery life is ultimately a function of

battery capacity and application usage
Many industrial applications are in harsh thermal environments

Batteries may include alkalines or Li-primaries Other forms of power generation might include solar, mechanical, piezoelectric
The ZigBee Alliance Solution

Targeted at home and building automation and controls, consumer electronics, toys etc. Industry standard (IEEE 802.15.4 radios) Primary drivers are simplicity, long battery life, networking capabilities, reliability, and cost
The Wireless Market
TEXT LONG
GRAPHICS INTERNET
HI-FI AUDIO
STREAMING VIDEO
DIGITAL VIDEO
MULTI-CHANNEL VIDEO
>
802.11b 802.11a/HL2 & 802.11g Bluetooth 2
LAN
< RANGE
SHORT
ZigBee
Bluetooth1
PAN
LOW
< DATA RATE
>
HIGH
Applications
security HVAC AMR lighting control access control patient monitoring fitness monitoring
PERSONAL HEALTH CARE
BUILDING AUTOMATION
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
TV VCR DVD/CD remote
ZigBee
Wireless Control that Simply Works
PC & PERIPHERALS
mouse keyboard joystick
asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL
RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL
security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation
Promoter Companies
ZigBee Alliance
Promoters
Participants
And more each month

Development of the Standard

ZigBee Alliance 50+ companies Defining upper layers of Customer protocol stack: from network to application, including application profiles ZigBee Alliance IEEE 802.15.4 Working Group IEEE 802.15.4 Defining lower layers : MAC and PHY
APPLICATION
ZIGBEE STACK
SILICON
ZigBee Topology Models

Mesh
Star
Cluster Tree
ZigBee coordinator ZigBee Routers ZigBee End Devices
ZigBee and Bluetooth
Competitive or Complementary?

Optimized for different applications
Bluetooth ZigBee Larger packets over small Smaller packets over network large network Ad-hoc networks Mostly Static networks with many, File transfer; streaming infrequently used Screen graphics, pictures, devices hands-free audio, Mobile Home automation, phones, headsets, PDAs, toys remote controls etc. Energy saver!!!

Address Different Needs
Bluetooth is a cable replacement for items like Phones, Laptop Computers, Headsets Bluetooth expects regular charging
Target is to use <10% of host power

Address Different Needs
ZigBee is better for devices where the battery is rarely replaced
Targets are :
Tiny fraction of host power New opportunities where wireless not yet used

Air interface
ZigBee
DSSS- 11 chips/ symbol 62.5 K symbols/s 4 Bits/ symbol Peak Information Rate ~128 Kbit/second
Bluetooth
FHSS 1 M Symbol / second Peak Information Rate ~720 Kbit / second

User Interface
Intercom Headset Cordless Group Call vCard vCal vNote
Dial-up Networking
Application Application Interface Network Layer Data Link Layer MAC Layer MAC Layer PHY Layer
Silicon ZigBee Stack Application
vMessage
Fax
Voice
Telephony OBEX Control RFCOMM Protocol

(Serial Port)
Service Discovery Protocol
L2CAP Host Control Interface
Link Manager
Link Controller Baseband RF

Silicon Bluetooth Stack Applications
Zigbee
Bluetooth
Protocol Stack Comparison


Timing Considerations
ZigBee:
Network join time = 30ms typically Sleeping slave changing to active = 15ms typically Active slave channel access time = 15ms typically
Bluetooth:
Network join time = >3s Sleeping slave changing to active = 3s typically Active slave channel access time = 2ms typically
ZigBee protocol is optimized for timing critical applications


Bluetooth
AIR INTERFACE PROTOCOL STACK BATTERY DEVICES/NETWORK LINK RATE RANGE
ZigBee
DSSS 28 kb
FHSS 250 kb
rechargeable non-rechargeable 8 1 Mbps 255 250 kbps
~10 meters (w/o pa) ~30 meters
Comparison Overview
An Application Example
Battery Life & Latency in a Light Switch
Wireless Light switch Easy for Builders to Install A Bluetooth Implementation would either : keep a counter running so that it could predict which hop frequency the light would have reached or use the inquiry procedure to find the light each time the switch was operated.
Light switch using Bluetooth

Option 1: use counter to predict hop frequency reached by light The two devices must stay within 60 us (~1/10 of a hop) With 30ppm crystals, devices need to communicate once a second to track each other's clocks. Assume this could be improved by a factor of 100 then devices would need to communicate once every 100 seconds to maintain synchronization. => 900 communications / day with no information transfer + perhaps 4 communications on demand 99.5% Battery Power wasted
Light switch using Bluetooth

Option 2: Inquiry procedure to locate light each time switch is operated Bluetooth 1.1 = up to 10 seconds typical Bluetooth 1.2 = several seconds even if optimized
Unacceptable latency
Light switch using ZigBee

With DSSS interface, only need to perform CSMA before transmitting
Only 200 s of latency Highly efficient use of battery power
ZigBee offers longer battery life and lower latency than a Bluetooth equivalent.
Conclusion
Bluetooth and 802.15.4 transceiver physical characteristics are very similar Protocols are substantially different and designed for different purposes 802.15.4 designed for low to very low duty cycle static and dynamic environments with many active nodes Bluetooth designed for high QoS, variety of duty cycles, moderate data rates in fairly static simple networks with limited active nodes

Conclusion
ZigBee targets applications not addressable by Bluetooth or any other wireless standard ZigBee and Bluetooth complement for a broader solution
Reliability and Robustness throughout the stacks of IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee
Reliability
Consistently perform a given task to the desired result despite all changes of environmental behavior Without fail A necessary ingredient of trust When the sensor measures its environment; the controller always knows that same value
Reliability
The wireless medium is not a protected environment like the wired medium, but rather, it is fraught with degradations, disruptions, and pitfalls such as dispersion, multipath, interference, frequency dependent fading, sleeping nodes, hidden nodes, and security issues.
Reliability
Each of these degradations and disruptions can be mitigated by various mechanisms within the ISO layers; but not all mechanisms are compatible with all other mechanisms or may negatively impact critical performance attributes The system must be optimized for the best performance in a realistic environment
Reliability
In addition to the previous disruptions there is the case of sending messages to devices that are not receiving, e.g. theyre in the sleep mode. When this happens the message needs to be buffered by another device that is able to send the message when the sleeping device wakes up.
Reliability
Interferer
Router
XX
Sleeping Node Network Coordinator
Multipath
Hidden Node
Reliability
IEEE 802.15.4 has built upon the successes of previous IEEE 802 standards by selecting those mechanisms proven to ensure good reliability without seriously degrading system and device performance.
Reliability
ISO Layers: PHY: Direct Sequence with Frequency Agility (DS/FA) MAC: ARQ, Coordinator buffering Network: Mesh Network (redundant routing) Application Support Layer: Security
Reliability
PHY Layers: Direct sequence: allows the radio to reject multipath and interference by use of a special chip sequence. The more chips per symbol, the higher its ability to reject multipath and interference. Frequency Agility: ability to change frequencies to avoid interference from a known interferer or other signal source.
IEEE 802 Direct Sequence

IEEE 802. 11 11b 11 15.4 (900) 15 15.4 (2.4) 32
Chips/ 11 Symbol
As can be seen from above, IEEE802.15.4/ZigBee has more processing gain (chips/symbol) than its predecessors
Direct Sequence and Frequency Agility

Interferer Desired Signal
Over the Air

2.4 GHz PHY
After DS correlation
Channels 11-26
5 MHz
2.4 GHz
2.4835 GHz
Reliability
MAC: ARQ (acknowledgement request) is where a successful transmission is verified by replying with an acknowledge (ACK). If the ACK is not received the transmission is sent again Coordinator buffering is where the network coordinator buffers messages for sleeping nodes until they wake again
Reliability
Network: Mesh Networking: allows various paths of routing data to the destination device. In this way if a device in the primary route is not able to pass the data, a different valid route is formed, transparent to the user.
Reliability: Mesh Networking
ZigBee Coordinator (FFD) ZigBee Router (FFD)

ZigBee End Device (RFD or FFD) Mesh Link Star Link
Reliability
Application Support Sub-layer(APS): Security: supports reliability by keeping other devices from corrupting communications. The APS configures the security emplaced in the MAC layer and also adds some of its own.
Robustness
Lets define robustness as the ability to tolerate significant degrading phenomena in the physical medium Multipath and interference are probably the most significant degradations to the channel model.
Robustness
Frequency hopping is a method that allows the radio to periodically change channels to over time minimize the effect of a bad channel. While this technique is very effective in some circumstances it creates other problems such as latency, network uncertainty for sleeping nodes, loss of the product bandwidth x time, etc.
Robustness
Direct Sequence with Frequency Agility (DS/FA) combines the best features of DS and FH without most of the problems caused by frequency hopping because frequency changes arent necessary most of the time, rather theyre appropriate only on an exception basis.
Robustness
The 802.11 Working Group couldnt agree upon which of the following PHYs was the best: FH, IR, or DS. So all three were standardized and left to the market to decide. Of the three PHYs; DS was the clear market winner. DS provided sufficient robustness with higher overall performance.
Robustness
Excess robustness does not achieve higher performance, rather it typically costs performance
Conclusion
IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee have addressed reliability throughout the ISO stack with proven mechanisms to minimize the uncertainty of the wireless medium

Zigbee

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Zigbee

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

ZigBee and 802.15.

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

IEEE 802.15.4 Basics

Works well for

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

Introduction to the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard

Users of the technology

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

IEEE 802.15.4 standard

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC Overview

Three devices specified

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

IEEE 802.15.4 Device Types

Full Function Device

Reduced Function Device

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

Data Frame format

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

Acknowledgement Frame Format

MAC Command Frame format

Beacon Frame format

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

Three security levels specified

None Access control lists Symmetric key employing AES-128

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

Non-Beacon vs Beacon Modes

As youll see, the primary value will be in system power consumption

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

Example of Non-Beacon Network

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

Example of Beacon Network

Application examples: environmental sensors in the forest

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

Growing the Network

Existing networks Coordinator

New link established

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

Frequencies and Data Rates

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

ISM Band Interference and Coexistence

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

802.15.4 has excellent performance in low SNR environments

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

IEEE1451.5 Sensor Group Wireless Criteria

How would you modify these requirements, if at all?

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

802.15.4 and the

The ZigBee Alliance is

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

What is the ZigBee Alliance?

Sensors are one of the reasons for ZigBee!

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

What is ZigBee technology?

Interoperable application frameworks controlled by an industry alliance to ensure interoperability/compatibility

Copyright 2002 The ZigBee Alliance, Inc.

The ZigBee Alliance Solution

Industry standard through application profiles Primary drivers

Alliance member companies provide interoperability and certification testing