By: Ludolf LU D.

Nietes, RN, MAN (c)

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Objectives:
1. Define the terms LEARNER, LEARNING and LEARNING NEED 2. Explain common theories of learning like Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Humanism. 3. Compare and contrast child and adult learners
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Objectives:
4. Identify different types of learning styles according to Felder and Silverman 5. Explain Howard Gardners Multiple Intelligences 6. Appreciate the various characteristics of different learners

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Learner Defined

Somebody who studies or learns to do something (Encarta dictionaries).

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Learning Defined

A change in human disposition or capability that persists and that cannot be solely accounted for by growth (Kozier, 2004).

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Learning Defined

A mental activity by means of which knowledge, skill, habits, attitudes and ideals are acquired, retained and utilized resulting in the progressive adaptation and modification of conduct and behavior (Bugeski, 1956).

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Attributes of Learning
LEARNING

An experience that occurs inside the learner.

The discovery of the personal meaning and relevance of ideas.

A consequence of experience.

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Attributes of Learning
LEARNING

A collaborative and cooperative process.

An evolutionary process.

A process that is both intellectual and emotional.

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Learning Need

A desire or a requirement to know something that is presently unknown to the learner (Kozier, 2004).

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Learning Theories

Behaviorism

Cognitivism

Humanism

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Behaviorism

An act is called a RESPONSE when it can be traced to the effects of a stimulus.

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Behaviorism

To modify a learners attitude and response, a behaviorist would alter the stimulus condition in the environment.

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Famous Behaviorists
Edward Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov

B.F. Skinner
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Edward Thorndike
Connectionism is the theory under S-R. It assumes that human activities are based on association or connection between S-R.

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Connectionism
3 Fundamental Laws

Law of Readiness
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Law of Exercise

Law of Effect

Theory of Conditioning
The process of learning consists of the acquisition of new ways of reacting to stimuli developed through attaching new stimuli to established modes of behavior. There are two types: Classical and Operant Conditioning.

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Classical Conditioning

It is based on the experiment on the reaction of the dog conducted by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian psychologist. He postulated that conditioning consists of eliciting a response by means of a previously neutral or inadequate stimulus.

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Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning
Principles

Adhesive Principle
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Excitation

Extinction

Operant Conditioning
A theory based on the experiment conducted by Burrhus Frederick Skinner on a hungry rat. One can train an individual either by presenting him/her a reward or punishment.

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Operant Conditioning

Cognitivism
Depicts learning as a complex cognitive activity. The learner structures and processes information using different senses. Cognitivists also emphasize the importance of social, emotional and physical contexts in which learning occurs.

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Cognitivism

Developmental readiness and individual readiness (motivation) are other key factors associated with cognitive approaches.

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Cognitive Theorists
Jean Piaget Kurt Lewin
B. Bloom
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Jean Piagets Cognitive Development

1. Sensorimotor Phase 2. Preconceptual Phase 3. Concrete Operation 4. Formal Operation
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Cognitive Development

Cognitive Development

Kurt Lewins Change Theory

Unfreeze Change/Moving Refreeze

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Lewins Change Theory

Blooms Areas of Learning

Cognitive (Knowledge) Psychomotor (Skills) Affective (Attitude)

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Blooms Taxonomy

Humanism
Focuses on both cognitive and affective qualities of the learner. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are famous members of this school of thought.

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Humanism
Learning is believed to be SELFMOTIVATED, SELF-INITIATED and SELF-EVALUATED. Each individual is viewed as a unique composite of biologic, psychologic, social, cultural and spiritual factors.

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Abraham Maslow

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

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Hierarchy of Needs

CHILD AND ADULT LEARNER

CHILD ADULT

Decreased AP
Narrow Vocabulary Concrete Reasoning

Human Being
Biological Being Social Being

Longer AP
Wider Vocabulary Abstract Reasoning

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Adapted from the Write Source series, Great Source Education Group

CHILD AND ADULT LEARNER

CHILD ADULT

Very Mobile
More Dependent Emotion not stable

Psychological Being
Intellectual Being Spiritual Being

Not very mobile

Independent More stable

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Adapted from the Write Source series, Great Source Education Group

Howard Gardner

Theory of Multiple Intelligence

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Multiple Intelligences

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The End.

References:
Kozier, B. (2004). Fundamentals of Nursing Concepts, Process and Practice 7th edition. Duka, C. D. (2011). Reviewer for the Licensure Examination for Teachers. www.wikipedia.com Encarta Dictionary

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