PHRASE, CLAUSE AND SENTENCE

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PHRASES
A phrase is a group of related words that does not contain a subject and a predicate. A phrase is always a part of a sentence. It is used as a part of speech, frequently doing the work of an adjective, adverb, or noun.

1. Prepositional phrases
A prepositional phrase contains a preposition and its object. in the evening on Sunday The object will be a noun, a pronoun, or a word group doing the work of a noun. The preposition has a time, place, or manner meaning.

Prepositional Phrase
Time: After the rain, the sun came out. We waited for one hour. Place: We are doing research in the laboratory. The tree fell near the house. Manner: The man with black coat is here.

2. Participial phrases
A participial phrase contains a participle (V-ing, V3), its complement, and any modifiers that may be present in the phrase. swimming in the pool hoping to pass the test Prepositional phrase modifies a noun. It is placed after the noun or in the first part of a sentence.

Participial Phrase
The student, hoping to pass the test, studied diligently. The notes, written by my teacher, help me easy to remember the lesson. Hoping to pass the test, the students studied diligently.

Participial phrases
When a participial phrase begins a sentence, it must be followed by its subject which performs the action suggested by the participial phrase. Jogging in the yard, a dog bites me. Jogging in the yard, I am bitten by a dog. (While I am jogging in the yard, I am bitten by a dog).

3. Gerund phrases
A gerund phrase contains a gerund, its complement, and any modifiers that may be present in the phrase. Gerund is a verb used as a noun. It takes most noun positions and functions. Position: Before a verb Function: Subject Riding a horse can be difficult. Position: After a verb Function: Direct Object or Predicate noun The students enjoyed discussing the topic of the lecture. Their activities are discussing the topic of the lecture.

Gerund Phrase
Position: After a preposition Function: Object of preposition The Dean rewarded one of the students for joining national competition. Position: After a noun Function: Noun appositive The mistake, driving in a wrong lane, makes the driver arrested by the police.

Gerund phrases
What is the functions of V-ing in these sentences? The child is running quickly. (main verb) The child likes running quickly. (gerund phrase) Running too quickly, the child fell down. (participial phrase)

4. Infinitive phrases
An infinitive phrase contains a to (the infinitive) plus a verb, a complement, and any modifiers that may be present. The infinitive is a verb used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.

As a noun it can fill the positions and perform the functions of a noun. Position: Before a noun Function: Subject To pass the exam is the students chief ambition. Position: After a verb Function: Direct Object or Predicate Noun The students expect to get high score in the test. Their expectation is to get high score in the test. Position: After a preposition Function: Object of a Preposition They dont have other desire except to get high score in the test.

Infinitive phrases
As an adjective, the infinitive phrase modifies a noun. Their desire, to get high score in the test, becomes a reality. As an adverb, it modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. The students study to pass the exam. (modifies study) He is ready to go now. (modifies ready) She is here to tell us the truth. (modifies here)

5. Appositive phrases An appositive phrase usually contains a noun (or pronoun) and its modifiers. It usually occurs after a noun, identifying (or renaming) or explaining the noun. Rommy, the best student in the class, got award from the headmaster.

Clauses
A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and verb. Clauses that can stand alone are called independent or main clauses. All basic sentences are main clauses. Clauses that cannot stand alone are called subordinate or dependent clauses. who sits in front row. when she came. the fact that the earth is round.

KINDS OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES

A dependent or subordinate clause can do the work of a noun (noun clause), adjective (adjective clause), or adverb (adverb clause). Noun clause: Position: After a verb Function: Direct object We know that she practiced every day. Adjective clause: Position: After a noun Function: Direct object Ani who wants to pass the exam practices every day. Adverb clause: Position: After a verb Function: Modifies a verb She practices every day because she wants to pass the exam.

Kinds of Sentences
Sentences can be classified by their form. To classify a sentence by form, count the number and type of clauses. Based on the number of the clauses, sentences can be classified as:
1. 2. 3. 4. Simple sentence Compound sentence Complex sentence Compound-complex sentence

1. Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains one independent or main clause and no dependent or sub-clause. All basic sentence patterns are simple sentences. A simple sentence can have compound sentence parts: Compound Subject: John and his sister are students. Compound Predicate: John is eating and drinking. Compound Subject and Predicate: John and his sister read and discuss the story.

Simple Sentence
Other sentence parts can be compounded in simple sentences: The meal was delicious but expensive. (adjectives) We ate slowly and heartily. (adverbs) She works on Monday but not on Tuesday. (prepositional phrases) Frankenstein, created by Mary Shelley and adored by thousand, will live forever. (participial phrases)

2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two or more independent or main clauses and no dependent or subordinate clauses. A compound sentence joins simple sentences. Coordinating conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs can be used to form compound sentences. I would like to join you, but I cannot afford the ticket. She is a good player; however, she may not be good enough to be a professional.

Conjunctions
Coordinate conjunction: to join equal sentence parts and, but, or Conjunctive adverb: to connect two main clauses consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, then, therefore, thus, still, also

3. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains one independent or main clause and one or more dependent or subordinate clauses. The dependent or subordinate clauses in a complex sentence usually do the work of adjective (adjective clauses) or adverbs (adverbial clauses). Adjective clause: My daughter is the girl who wants to sing in the show. Adverb clause: Students study harder when they are in examination.

Complex Sentences
Independent clause or main clause can stand by itself.
My daughter is the girl Students study harder

Dependent clause adds clarifying information to independent clause. It cannot stand alone, but they help to make the sentence more mature.
who wants to sing in the show. when they are in examination.

4. Compound-Complex Sentence
A compound complex sentence contains two or more independent or main clauses and one or more dependent or subordinate clause.
Independent clause: The show was over. Independent clause: Jennifer was still on the stage. Dependent clause: because the cheering audience would not allow her to leave.

Compound complex sentence: The show was over, but Jennifer was still on the stage because the cheering audience would not allow her to leave.

Exercise
Which ones are the prepositional phrase? 1. The bus near the tree is his. 2. We walked late in the evening. 3. He leaves after ten. 4. On Sunday, our aunt will come home. 5. Her club is not ready for the meeting.

Exercise
Today there are many amazing inventions to make life easier. Society does not create inventions. Inventions depend on the mind of a single individual or a small group of individuals. After an invention has been created, many people use it; however, the average person thinks little about the idea behind the inventions.

Exercise
All inventions are either basic inventions or improvements of earlier inventions. When an inventor discovers a new principle and puts it to use, a basic invention is created. One inventor then paves the way for other inventors to improve on the basic invention. For example, the Greeks first invented the steam engine, but they considered it a toy and did nothing to improve it. James Watt reinvented the steam engine many centuries later. The Greeks are credited with a basic invention.