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Chapter 8
General Knowledge
How do we know what properties something has, and which of its properties should be generalized to other objects? How is the knowledge underlying these abilities acquired, and how is it affected by brain disorders?
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Introduction
semantic memory schemas We have an enormous amount of information at our disposal, and we use this information efficiently and accurately.
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approachyou decide whether an item belongs to a category by comparing that item with a prototype personal experience a prototype is an abstract, idealized example; may not exist members of a category differ in prototypicality graded structureall members of categories are not created equal Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 8
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Declarative memory (LTM) takes the form of a semantic net linking propositions, images, and sequences by associations. Procedural memory (LTM) represents information in the form of productions Working memory is that part of long-term memory that is most highly activated.
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If the output is not correct, the weights are adjusted according to a formula
Uses the difference between input and output
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Imagine a highly experienced bank manager who must decide which customers will qualify for a loan. Her decision is based on a completed application form that contains ten questions. The bank manager's experience allows her to use "Intuition that will enable her to recognize certain patterns that her brain has become attuned to. If we had a large number of loan applications as input, along with the manager's decisions as output, a neural network could be "trained" on these patterns. The inner workings of the neural network have enough mathematical sophistication to reasonably simulate the expert's intuition.
Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 8
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PDP theorists argue that most cognitive processes can be explained by the activation of these networks.
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Notice that this view is very different from the commonsense idea that all the information you know about a particular person or object is stored in one specific location in the brain.
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4. Sometimes we have only partial memory for some information, rather than complete, perfect memory. The brains ability to provide partial memory is called graceful degradation (e.g., tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, Cognition 7e, Margaret Matlin Chapter 8 brain function after accident or stroke)
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Pragmatic Approach
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