Chapter4 FluidKinematics

Fluid Kinematics
Fall Semester 2010

Fluid Mechanics I
Fluid Kinematics ME211: Fluid Mechanics I
Overview
Fluid Kinematics deals with the motion of fluids
without considering the forces and moments
which create the motion.
Items discussed in this Chapter.
Material derivative and its relationship to Lagrangian
and Eulerian descriptions of fluid flow.
Flow visualization.
Plotting flow data.
Fundamental kinematic properties of fluid motion and
deformation.
Reynolds Transport Theorem
Kinematics involves
position, velocity, and
acceleration, not force
Lagrangian Description
Lagrangian description of fluid flow tracks the position and velocity
of individual particles.

Based upon Newton's laws of motion.

Difficult to use for practical flow analysis.
Fluids are composed of billions of molecules.
Interaction between molecules hard to describe/model.

However, useful for specialized applications
Sprays, particles, bubble dynamics, rarefied gases.
Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian methods.

Named after Italian mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-
1813).
Eulerian Description
Eulerian description of fluid flow: a flow domain or control volume
is defined by which fluid flows in and out.
We define field variables which are functions of space and time.
Pressure field, P=P(x,y,z,t)
Velocity field,

Acceleration field,

These (and other) field variables define the flow field.
Well suited for formulation of initial boundary-value problems
(PDE's).
Named after Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707-1783).
( ) ( ) ( )
, , , , , , , , , V u x y z t i v x y z t j w x y z t k = + +
( ) ( ) ( ) , , , , , , , , ,
x y z
a a x y z t i a x y z t j a x y z t k = + +
( ) , , , a a x y z t =
( ) , , , V V x y z t =
Eulerian Vs Lagrangian Approach
Example: Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Method
Forensic analysis of Columbia accident: simulation of
shuttle debris trajectory using Eulerian CFD for flow field
and Lagrangian method for the debris.
Example: Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Method
Global Environmental
MEMS Sensors (GEMS)
Simulation of micron-
scale airborne probes.
The probe positions are
tracked using a
Lagrangian particle
model embedded within a
flow field computed using
an Eulerian CFD code.
http://www.ensco.com/products/atmospheric/gem/gem_ovr.htm
Velocity Field
One of the most important fluid variables is the velocity
field,

where u, and w are the x, y, and z components of the
velocity vector.
The velocity of a particle is the time rate of change of the
position vector for a particle
( , , , ) ( , , , ) ( , , , ) V u x y z t v x y z t w x y z t = + +
The position vector for a moving particle
is a function of time. Therefore time
derivative of this position gives the
velocity of the particle

r
A
A
d
V
dt
=
Velocity Field
As velocity is a vector, its magnitude is known as speed
and calculated as:
2 2 2
V V u v w = = + +
Velocity Field

Velocity Field
Acceleration Field
Consider a fluid particle and Newton's second law,

The acceleration of the particle is the time derivative of
the particle's velocity.

However, particle velocity at a point is the same as the
fluid velocity,
We understand that velocity change may be due to time
or may also be due to change in position. So applying the
chain rule we can determine the acceleration field:
particle particle particle
F m a =
V
particle
particle
d
a
dt
=
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
, , V V
particle particle particle particle
x t y t z t =
particle
dx dy dz
V dt V V V
a
t dt x dt y dt z dt
c c c c
= + + +
c c c c
Acceleration Field
Since

In vector form, the acceleration can be written as

First term is called the local acceleration and is nonzero only for
unsteady flows.
Second term is called the advective acceleration or convective
acceleration and accounts for the effect of the fluid particle moving
to a new location in the flow, where the velocity is different.
( )
( )
, , , .
dV V
a x y z t V V
dt t
c
= = + V
c
particle
V V V V
a u v w
t x y z
c c c c
= + + +
c c c c
, ,
dx dy dz
u v w
dt dt dt
= = =
particle
dx dy dz
V dt V V V
a
t dt x dt y dt z dt
c c c c
= + + +
c c c c
Material Derivative
The total acceleration in vector form is:

The x,y,z components of acceleration can be written as :

V V V V
a
particle
u v w
t x y z
c c c c
= + + +
c c c c
x
u u u u
a u v w
t x y z
c c c c
= + + +
c c c c
y
z
v v v v
a u v w
t x y z
w w w w
a u v w
t x y z
c c c c
= + + +
c c c c
c c c c
= + + +
c c c c
Material Derivative
The total derivative is call the material derivative and is
often given special notation, D/Dt.

Where

The above expression is also known as the material
derivative or substantial derivative. An often-used
shorthand notation is:

a
DV
Dt
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) D
D
u v w
t t x y z
c c c c
= + + +
c c c c
( )
( ) ( )
. ( )
D
V
Dt t
c
= + V
c
Material Derivative

The material derivative concept is very useful in analysis
involving various fluid parameters, not just the acceleration
i.e. Temperature field can be written as :

. V
A A A A A A
dT T T T T T
u v w T
dt t x y z t
c c c c c
= + + + = + V
c c c c c
Material Derivative

Advective acceleration is nonlinear: source of many
phenomenon and primary challenge in solving fluid flow
problems.
Provides ``transformation'' between Lagrangian and
Eulerian frames.
Other names for the material derivative include: total,
particle, Lagrangian, Eulerian, and substantial
derivative.

( )
( ) ( )
. ( )
D
V
Dt t
c
= + V
c
Consider the steady, two-dimensional flow field discussed in Example 4.1.
Determine the acceleration field for this flow

We know the velocity field

Velocity field is not time dependent i.e. steady flow

Magnitude of acceleration
Flow Visualization
Flow visualization is the visual examination of
flow-field features.
Important for both physical experiments and
numerical (CFD) solutions.
Numerous methods
Streamlines and streamtubes
Pathlines
Streaklines
Timelines
Refractive techniques
Surface flow techniques
Streamlines
At an instant in time, there is a
velocity vector at every point in
a flow. A curve that is
everywhere tangent to the
direction of the velocity vectors
is called a streamline.
Consider an arc length

must be parallel to the local
velocity vector

Geometric arguments results
in the equation for a streamline
dr dxi dyj dzk = + +
dr
V ui vj wk = + +
dr dx dy dz
V u v w
= = =
Streamlines

Geometric arguments results
in the equation for a streamline
dr dx dy dz
V u v w
= = =
For two-dimensional flows the slope of the
streamline, must be equal to the
tangent of the angle that the velocity vector
makes with the x axis
dy dx
dy u
dx v
=
Streamlines are obtained analytically by
integrating the equations defining lines
tangent to the velocity field.
Determine the streamlines for the two-dimensional steady flow discussed in Example 4.1.
We can write u & v as :
Streamlines are given by :
dy u
dx v
=
By separating variables and integrating we get:

Streamlines
NASCAR surface pressure contours
and streamlines
Airplane surface pressure contours,
volume streamlines, and surface
streamlines
Pathlines
A Pathline is the actual path
traveled by an individual fluid
particle over some time period.
Same as the fluid particle's
material position vector

Particle location at time t:

Particle Image Velocimetry
(PIV) is a modern experimental
technique to measure velocity
field over a plane in the flow
field.

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
, ,
x t y t z t
start
t
start
t
x x Vdt = +
}
Streaklines
A Streakline is the
locus of fluid particles
that have passed
sequentially through a
prescribed point in the
flow.
Easy to generate in
experiments: dye in a
water flow, or smoke
in an airflow.
Timeline: a curve formed by tracking initially adjacent particles in time. It
shows how particles deform. Consider a curve drawn through adjacent
particles at t=0. At some other time t>0, the particle may no longer be
adjacent. The curve connecting them at t>0 is the timeline.

Pathline: the path or trajectory traced out by moving particle. It tells how
the particle has translated.

Streakline: curve formed by connecting all fluid particles passing through
a fixed point in space. This is formed by picking any point and letting the
flow pass through it. Then at some later time, you "freeze" the flow and
draw a curve connecting the particles that passed through that point in the
order in which they passed.

Streamline: curves drawn in flow at a fixed instant which are tangent to
the direction of flow at every point. Basically a streamline is a curve drawn
tangent to the velocity vector of fluid.
Summary
Summary
Comparisons
For steady flow, streamlines, pathlines, and
streaklines are identical.
For unsteady flow, they can be very different.
Streamlines are an instantaneous picture of the flow
field
Pathlines and Streaklines are flow patterns that have
a time history associated with them.
Streakline: instantaneous snapshot of a time-
integrated flow pattern.
Pathline: time-exposed flow path of an individual
particle.
Plots of Data
A Profile plot indicates how the value of a
scalar property varies along some desired
direction in the flow field.
Plots of Data
A Vector plot is an array of arrows
indicating the magnitude and direction of a
vector property at an instant in time.
Plots of Data
A Contour plot shows curves of constant
values of a scalar property for magnitude
of a vector property at an instant in time.
Bad luck
Quiz -3
Water collects in the bottom of a rectangular oil tank as shown
in Fig. P3.12R. How long will it take for the water to drain from
the tank through a 0.02-m-diameter drain hole in the bottom of
the tank? Assume quasisteady ..What do u understand from
quasi steady state explain ?
ReynoldsTransport Theorem (RTT)
A system is a quantity of matter of fixed identity. No mass can cross a system
boundary.
A control volume is a region in space chosen for study. Mass can cross a control
surface.
The fundamental conservation laws (conservation of mass, energy, and momentum)
apply directly to systems.
However, in most fluid mechanics problems, control volume analysis is preferred
over system analysis (for the same reason that the Eulerian description is usually
preferred over the Lagrangian description).
Now, we need to transform the conservation laws from a system to a control volume.
This is accomplished with the Reynolds transport theorem (RTT).

There is a direct analogy between the transformation from
Lagrangian to Eulerian descriptions (for differential analysis
using infinitesimally small fluid elements) and the
transformation from systems to control volumes (for integral
analysis using large, finite flow fields).
( )
.
Db b
V b
Dt t
c
= + V
c
( )
.
sys
CV CS
dB
b dV bV ndA
dt t

c
= +
c
} }
Material derivative (differential analysis):

General RTT, nonfixed CV (integral analysis):
Derivation of Reynolds Transport Theorem
A simplified form can also be written as

Similarly :
2 2 2 2 2 2
( )
II II
B t t b V b AV t o o o + = =
2 2 2 2
0
( )
lim
II
out
t
B t t
B b A V
t o
o

o
+
= =
0
1 1 1 1
( )
lim
t
I
in
B t t
B b AV
t
o
o

o
+
= =
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
sys
cv
DB
B
b A V b AV
Dt t

c
= +
c
Restrictions: Fixed CV and
one inlet and one outlet
deforming
deforming
N.B. For relative velocity, we may either use W or V
r
n
RTT Special Cases
For steady flow, the time derivative drops out,

For control volumes with well-defined inlets and outlets
( )
. .
sys
CV CS CS
dB
b dV bW ndA bW ndA
dt t

c
= + =
c
} } }
0
sys
avg avg avg avg avg avg
CV
out in
dB
d
bdV b W A b W A
dt dt
= +

}

Chapter4 FluidKinematics

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Descrizione originale:

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Chapter4 FluidKinematics

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Fluid Kinematics

Fall Semester 2010

Potrebbero piacerti anche