Overview of coastal wetlands

Presented by: Pema khandu thungon FRM- MA02-2

Definition as per Ramsar convention

Wetlands are area of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing , fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres.

Global scenario
World wetland area: 8.6 million sq. km tropical : 2.6 million sq km sub-tropical : 2.1 Temperate : 1 Boreal : 2.6 Polar region : 0.2 Wetlands are ubiquitous Largest wetland in world : the Amazon river & west Siberian plains

Wetlands of India
types : Inland & coastal wetlands Total area-152,60,572 ha Inland :105,64,899 ha Coastal :41,40,116 ha Wetlands (<2.25 ha) :5,55,557 ha

Inland wetlands : Lake/ pond,Ox-bow lake, Cut-off meander, High altitude wetland, Riverine wetland, Waterlogged (Natural), River/ Stream ,Reservoir/ Barrage,Tank/ Pond, Salt pan &Wetland (<2.25 ha)

Coastal wetland
Definition : they are those wetlands that are within , along ,or near tidally influenced water bodies. Their source of water may be salt , fresh or both ( brackish). Estimated area: 4.1 million ha. Natural : 3.7 million ha Man made : 0.4

Types :
1) Natural ; Estuary Lagoon Creek Backwater (Kayal) Bay Tidal flat/Split/Bar Coral reef Rocky coast Mangrove forest Salt marsh/marsh vegetation Other vegetation

2) Man - made ;

Salt pans Aquaculture The most dominant type of wetland is intertidal mud flats (2.39 Mha) occupying around 24.7 % of total wetland area. The other major coastal wetlands are mangrove (471407 ha), aquaculture pond (284589 ha), lagoon (246044 ha), creek (206698 ha), salt pan (148913 ha) and coral reef (142003 ha).

Wetland area summary of Coastal States/UTs (Area in ha)

Sr no 1 2 3 4

State

Inland wetland area

Coastal wetland area

Total wetland area

West Bengal Orissa Gujarat Daman & Diu Maharashtra

886090 525248 667899 603 907816

221817 165656 2807051 1465 106706

1107907 690904 3474950 2068 1014522

5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka Goa Lakshadweep Kerala Tamil Nadu Puducherry Andaman & Nicobar Islands

1038787
635289 12851 119714 780161 4264 7006

408346
8287 8486 79586 40876 122373 2071 145803

1447133
643576 21337 79586 160590 902534 6335 152809

Total

5585728

4118523

9704251

Estuary
It is a ecotone or buffer zone between fresh water of the rivers or streams and the salt water of the sea. Total area : 1.44 million ha They provide rich feeding grounds for coastal fish and migratory birds, and spawning areas for fish and shellfish. Detritus food chain are most common Productivity is from marsh grasses(zostera, spartina, etc), mangrove plants and weeds

ESTUARIES OF INDIA
EAST COAST ESTUARIES

1. Hooghly estuary 2. Rushikulya estuary 3. Bahuda estuary 4. Mahanadi estuary 5. Godavari and Krishna estuaries 6. Gosthani estuary 7. Kandaleru estuary 8. Swarnamukhi and Konderu estuaries 9. Araniar estuary 10. Ennore estuary 11. Cooum estuary 12. Adyar estuary 13. Muttukadu backwaters 14. Edaiyur - Sadras estuarine complex 15. Uppanar estuary 16. Vellar estuary 17. Kollidam (Coleroon) estuary 18. Kaveri (Cauvery) estuary 19. Agniar estuary 20. Kallar estuary 21. Pinnakayal and Pullavazhi estuaries 22. Athankarai and Kanjirangudi estuaries 23. Kottakkarai, Uppar, Vaigai, Kottakkudy and Thengapattanam estuaries

WEST COAST ESTUARIES

24. Ashtamudi estuary 25. Kadinamkulam estuar4 26. Estuaries of Kochi 27. Korapuzha estuary 28. Beypore estuary 29. Olipuram Kadavu backwaters 30. Edava-Nadayara and Paravur backwaters 31. Poonthura estuary 32. Puthuponnani and Chandragiri estuaries 33. Shiriya, Thotapally and Pozhikara estuaries 34. Netravathi and Gurupur estuaries 35. Mulki estuary 36. Pavenje estuary 37. Gangolli estuary 38. Kali estuary 39. Mandovi - Zuari estuarine complex 40. Estuaries of Mumbai 41. Waghotana estuary 42. Vashishti estuary 43. Purna estuary 44. Mahi estuary 45. Damaganga - Kolak river estuaries 46. Par river estuary 47. Ambika-Kaveri-Kareira estuarine complex 48. Mindola river estuary 49. Tapti and Narmada river estuaries 50. Auranga estuary

Hoogly matlah estuary

Largest among the estuaries of India covering the Gangetic delta called Sunderbans in West Bengal Total area is 8029sq. Km Ropnagar and Damodar rivers are the main tributaries of this estuary Wetland areas include flood plain lakes,swamps & bheries(91392 nos) Biotic community: Phytoplankton:-Bacillariophyceae, chlorophycea & Myxophyceae are principal groups

 Fishery: 172 species recorded of it 73 are fresh water & 99 are saline Main species are Hilsa, bombay duck, Pama pama, Setipinna spp., Trihurus Spp, & penaeid prawn prawn: Penaeus monodon, P. indicus, Metapenaeus brevicornis,M . monoceros, Parapenaeopsis sculptilis, P. stylifera & Macrobrachium spp.

Lagoons
Shallow coastal water body remains disconnected with the bay during major parts of the year A lagoon may or may not be subject to tidal mixing, and salinity can vary from that of a coastal fresh-water lake to a hyper saline lagoon, depending on the hydrologic balance A number of lagoons are distributed all along the East and the West Coasts of India- 17 noteworthy lagoons in Indian coast with 8 on the east and 9 on the west.

 The 8 important coastal lagoons in the east are: 1) Chilka Lagoon 2) Pulicat lagoon 3) Pennar lagoon 4) Bendi lagoon 5) Nizampatnam lagoon 6) Muttukadu Lagoon 7) Muthupet lagoon and 8) Gulf of Mannar Lagoon. The 9 important coastal lagoons in the West are: 1) Vembanand lagoon 2) Ashtamudi Lagoon 3) Paravur lagoon 4) Ettikulum Lagoon 5) Veli lagoon 6) Mur kumpuzha lagoon 7) Talapady lagoon8) Lagoons of Bombay coast and 9) Lakshadweep Lagoons (Kavaratti and Minicoy Lagoon).

Chilika lake
It is a brackish water lagoon, spread over the Puri, Khurda and Ganjam districts of Orissa state on the east coast of India, at the mouth of the Daya River, flowing into the Bay of Bengal, covering an area of over 1,100 sq. km. It is the largest coastal lagoon in India and the second largest lagoon in the World Over a million migratory waterfowl and shorebirds winter here. Over 400 vertebrate species have been recorded. As an estuarine lagoon, it supports a unique assemblage of marine, brackish and freshwater species. Several rare and endangered species are found in the region. The lake supports fisheries that are the lifeline of the people

 Fisheries 217 spp comprising 147 genera, 71 families and 15 orders Tenualosa ilisha , Mugil cephalus, Liza macrolepis, Lates calcarifer, Eleutheronema tetradactylum, Mystus gulio, Plotosus canius, Etroplus suratensis, Osteogeniosus millitaris,etc. Penaeus indicus, P. monodon, Metapenaeus dobsoni, M. monoceros Scylla serrata, Portunus sp. In 1981, Chilika Lake was designated the first Indian wetlands of International importance under the Ramsar convention

Awards
In November 2002, the Ramsar Wetland Conservation Award was presented to the Chilika Development Authority for "outstanding achievements in the field of restoration and wise use of wetlands and effective participation of local communities in these activities". The Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Puruskar, constituted by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India awarded the prestigious Indira Gandhi Paryavaran Award2002 to the Chilika Development Authority for the outstanding contribution of conservation and restoration of the Chilika

Pulicat Lake :
The major portion of Pulicat lake is located in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh and the rest in Chingleput district of Tamil Nadu. Fisheries : A total of 65 species have been recorded comprising mainly the prawns forming the dominant group. The important species are P. indicus, P. monodon, P. semisulcatus, M. dobsoni, M. monoceros. Among the fishes, the mullets like Mugil cephalus, Liza parsia, L. tade are dominant. Other species like Hilsa kelee, Chanos chanos, catfishes, etc. also form the fishery. The fishery at present is contributed by 50% P. indicus , 20% mullets, others 30%. Annual average catch recorded from the lake was about 3892 tonnes in the year 2008-09.

Back waters
The Kerala backwaters are a chain of brackish lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast (known as the Malabar Coast) of Kerala Area : 3.5 million ha Used for transportation, fishing and agriculture. It has supported the efforts of the local people to earn a livelihood in Kerala state in southern India

Back waters: Vembanad lake Kadinamkulam Achuthengu Kayamkulam Azhokode Cheetuva Ponnani Kadalundi-Beypore Mahe Valapattanam Naleswaram

Vembanad lake
Vembanad Lake is the longest lake in India, The Vembanad wetland system covers an area of over 1521.5 km- a complex of 96km long backwaters, lagoons, marshes, mangroves and reclaimed lands Vembanad lakes total area is 250 sq km A total of 104 fish spp., 9 spp of shrimps and prawns and 5 spp. Of molluscs M. dobsoni, M. monoceros , P. indicus, Mugil cephalus, M. parsia, Horabagrus brachysoma, Etroplus suratensis, Lates calcarifer, Chanos chanos, Anchovilla sp., silver bellies, threadfins, etc

 Molluscs include the black clam (Velorita cyprinoids; V. cornucopia), Mertrix meretrix, M. costa and Ostria calculata. The mussels, Perna viridis and P. indica and the brackish water oyster, Crassostrea madrasensis, occur abundantly in the backwaters and river mouths

Mangrove swamps
found mostly in tropical region of muddy shore West Bengal has 2,09,330 ha area under mangrove followed by Gujarat (90,475 ha), Andaman & Nicobar Islands (66,101 ha), Andhra Pradesh(41,486 ha), Maharashtra (30,238 ha) and Orissa (23,395 ha). Aerial roots called pneumatophores Fauna: Terrestrial : insects, birds ,reptiles, etc Marine : rock oyster, bernacles, hermit crab, mud skippers ( Boleaopthalmus boddaerit), mud lobster ( Thalassina sp.)

 The Indian mangroves comprise approximately 59 species in 41 genera and 29 families. Of these, 34 species belonging to 25 genera and 21 families are present along west coast about 25 mangrove species are restricted to east coast eight species of mangroves like Sonneratia caseolaris, Suaeda fruticosa, Urochondra setulosa etc. which have been reported only from the west coast.

 crustaceans like Penaeus indicus, P. merguiensis and P. monodon, while the crabs are represented by Uca sp. Scylla serrata, Thalassina, etc The fishes are represented by several species like the mud skippers, carangids, clupeids, serranids, mullets, seabass, milkfishLiza, Mugil, Lates, Polynemus, Sciaena, Setipinna, Pangasium, Hilsa Ilisha and Atroplus. etc. The famous Royal Bengal tiger and estuarine crocodile (Crocodilus porosus) and different kinds of monkeys, otters, deer's, fishing cats, snakes and wild pigs are also found they are favoured by a variety of birds, both migratory and resident

 Benthic community Major groups represented by the benthic organisms are molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, hydroids, actinarians, planarians, nematodes, polychaetes and larval forms of several other organisms. Pelagic community species of fishes, crabs, crustaceans and molluscs

 Flora : Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, B. cylindrica, Lumnitzera sp. , Ceriops sp., Acanthus sp. , Avicennia marina, A. alba , Sonnneratia alba, & Sapetala sp. Conservation : National mangrove committee ( NATMANCOM)to conserve , protect & restore Mangroves have been categorized presently under Ecological sensitive zone , in CRZ Act- no development activities will be allowed prior to EIA & Clearance from MoEF. Few are conserved as biosphere reserve for germplasm & wild life sanctuaries

Sundarbans Mangroves
is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangroves forest in the world covering parts of Bangladesh and India. Two-third of the Sundarbans is in Bangladesh while rest one-third is in India With 20,400 square kilometers (7,900 sq mi) of area covered. It contribute 44% of total mangrove forest in India & endowed with 30 sp. out of 50 sp. in the world The dominant mangrove species Heritiera fomes is locally known as sundri or sundari

 . Besides the sundari, other species that make up the forest include Avicennia spp., Xylocarpus mekongensis, Xylocarpus granatum,Sonneratia apetala, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Cereops decandra, Aegiceras corniculatum, Rhizophora mucronata, and Nypa fruticans palms The Sundarbans National Park is a National Park, Tiger Reserve, and a Biosphere Reserve endangered Royal Bengal Tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) besides it Fishing Cats, Macaques, wild boars, Common Grey Mongooses, Foxes, Jungle Cats,Flying Foxes, Pangolins, and spotted deer

 Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) and Mugger crocodile (Crocodylus palustris), as well as the Gharial(Gavialis gangeticus) and the Water monitor lizards (Varanus salvator)

Ridley turtles, sea snakes, Dog Faced Water Snakes, Green Turtles, Estuarine Crocodiles, Chameleons, King Cobras,Salvator Lizards, Hard Shelled Batgun Terrapins, Russels Vipers, Mouse Ghekos, Monitor Lizards, Curviers, Hawks Bill Turtles, Pythons, Common Kraits, Chequered Killbacks and rat Snakes. The river terrapin (Batagur baska), Indian flap-shelled turtles (Lissemys punctata), peacock soft-shelled turtles (Trionyx hurum), yellow monitors (Varanus flavescens), water monitors (Varanus salvator), and Indian pythons (Python molurus) are some of the resident species.
Endangered and extinct species: Royal Bengal Tigers, Estuarine Crocodile, Northern river terrapins (Batagur baska), Olive Ridley Turtles, Gangetic dolphin, Ground Turtles, Hawks Bill Turtles and King Crabs (Horse shoe)

Coral reefs
Dominant in shallow water Total area under Coral reef is 1,42,003 ha. Coral reefs are observed in Lakshdweep (55,179 ha), Andaman and Nicobar Islands (49,378 ha), Gujarat (33,547 ha) and Tamil nadu (3,899 ha). true coral belongs to family Acroporidae Symbiotic association with unicellular, dinoflagellates Zooxanthellae and also with bivalve called Tridacna

 Types of coral reefs : 1. Fringing reefs- formed near shores 2. Barrier reefs away from shores 3. Atolls - ring shaped reef encircling a lagoon Reefs are home to a large variety of organisms, including : fish, seabirds, sponges, cnidarians (which includes some types of corals and jellyfish) worms, crustaceans (including shrimp, cleaner shrimp, spiny lobsters and crabs), mollusks (including cephalo pods),echinoderms (including starfish, sea urchins and sea cucumbers), sea squirts, sea turtles and sea snakes

 Fish spp. : Cleaner fish,damselfishes, parrotfish, groupers, horse mackerels, butterfly fish, barracudas and snappers , clown fish, squirrel fish, cardinal fish and lantern fish, angel fish, sea horse, coral trout, porcupine fish , etc Sharks & rays : whitetip reef sharks, gray reef sharks , tiger sharks, bull sharks, eagle rays & yellow sting rays Marine mammals : dugongs, dolphins and whales

Mud flats

 also known as tidal flats It is a tract of low muddy land near an estuary; covered at high tide and exposed at low tide Mud flats are formed when sediment, carried by rivers or the ocean, encounters a lowenergy environment and settles to the bottom. Over a time, this sediment accumulates, making the area flatter and wider, which in turn encourages further sediment deposition. mud flats are valuable as habitat and feeding grounds for many species of wildlife.

 Eelgrass and diatoms are the main primary producers of mud flats Due to the high organic content of the mud, bacteria are very prevalent, even in the lowoxygen environment below the surface They perform a vital service in decomposing the plant matter and making it more digestible as food for other organisms The plentiful bacteria in mud flats help to break down contaminants from urban runoff, such as heavy metals, hydrocarbons (oil, gasoline, solvents) and other organic chemicals

 Invertebrates such as nematode worms and protozoa are present & feed on bacteria larger organisms such as crustaceans (e.g. amphipods, mud shrimp), mollusks (e.g. clams, snails, native oysters) and polychaete worms shorebirds found in mud flats include sandpipers, plovers, Lesser Yellowlegs, snipes, Longbilled Curlew, Short-billed Dowitcher, and Common Snipe. Great Blue Herons

 Bivalves: Cyrtopleura costata, the Atlantic giant cockle, Dinocardium robustum,the southern hard clam,Mercenaria campechiensis, the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, and the lucinid bivalve, Phacoides pectinata shrimp: Callianassa- the ghost shrimp, and Upogebia - the mud shrimp, as well as the stomatopods Coronis excavatrix, Lysiosquilla scabricauda and Lysiosquilla spp. are abundant Crab, Uca pugilator , the nine-armed starfish, Luidia senegalensis

 Fishes: Acanthurus bahianus Achirus lineatus Acipenser brevirostrum Albula vulpes Anchoa mitchilli Brevoortia spp. Carcharhinus leucas Carcharhinus limbatus Centropomus parallels Centropomus pectinatus Centropomus undecimalis Cynoscion nebulosus Cynoscion regalis Cyprinodon variegatus Dasyatis sabina Etropus crossotus

Eucinostomus spp. Fundulus confluentus Fundulus grandis Gambusia affinis Gerres cinereus Ginglymostoma cirratum Gobionellus oceanicus Gobiosoma bosc Halichoeres poeyi Harengula clupeola Harengula humeralis Lachnolaimus maximus Lagodon rhomboides Leiostomus xanthurus Lobotes surinamensis Lucania parva Eucinostomus gula

Lutjanus analis Lutjanus apodus Lutjanus griseus Megalops atlanticus Mugil cephalus Mugil curema Paralichthys lethostigma Poecilia latipinna Pogonias cromis Rhinoptera bonasus Rivulus marmoratus Sciaenops ocellatus Sphyrna lewini Sphyrna tiburo Strongylura notata Trachinotus carolinus Trachinotus falcatus Trinectes maculatus

Importance & function

1. water storage domestic, industrial & agriculture 2. Flood control 3. water quality 4. Shore line stabilization & soil erosion mainly by mangroves 5. source of food 6. Ecological benefits & 7. Recreational benefits (swimming, diving, tourism).

Threats to wetland
1. Urbanization Wetlands near urban centres are under increasing developmental pressure for residential, industrial and commercial facilities. Urban wetlands are essential for preserving public water supplies. 2 Anthropogenic activities Due to unplanned urban and agricultural development, industries, road construction, impoundment, resource extraction and dredge disposal, wetlands have been drained and transformed, causing substantial economic and ecological losses in the long term. 3 Agricultural activities Following the Green Revolution of the 1970s, vast stretches of wetlands have been converted to paddy fields. Construction of a large number of reservoirs, canals and dams to provide for irrigation significantly altered the hydrology of the associated wetlands. 4 Hydrologic activities Construction of canals and diversion of streams and rivers to transport water to lower arid regions for irrigation has altered the drainage pattern and significantly degraded the wetlands of the region. 5 Deforestation Removal of vegetation in the catchments leads to soil erosion and siltation

6 Pollution Unrestricted dumping of sewage and toxic chemicals from industries has polluted many freshwater wetlands 7 Salinization Over withdrawal of groundwater has led to salinization 8 Aquaculture Demand for shrimps and fishes have provided economic incentives to convert wetlands and mangrove forests to develop pisciculture and aquaculture ponds. 9 Introduced species Indian wetlands are threatened by exotic introduced plant species such as water hyacinth and salvinia. They clog waterways and compete with native vegetation. 10 Climate change Increased air temperature; shifts in precipitation; increased frequency of storms, droughts, and floods; increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration; and sea level rise could also affect wetlands.

 at present wetlands are disappearing at the rate of 2 3 % every year. Indian mangroves have halved from 6,740sq km (1987) to 4,827sq km (1995). recent remote sensing shows only 4000sq. km

Conservation of wetland
1. Legal framework : Several legislations have been enacted which have relevance to wetland conservation and are Forest Act, 1927, Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, the Wildlife (Protection)Act, 1972, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, the Water Cess Act, 1977 and the umbrella provision of Environment(Protection) Act, 1986 Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991 declared as Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks. The Biodiversity Act, 2002, and the Biodiversity Rules, 2004, are aimed at safeguarding the floral and faunal biodiversity

2.Policy Support: National Environment Policy (NEP), 2006: Set up a legally enforceable regulatory mechanism for identified valuable wetlands to prevent their degradation Formulate conservation strategies by participation of local communities, and other relevant stakeholders Formulate and implement eco-tourism strategies through multi-stakeholder partnerships involving public agencies, local communities and investors

3. Survey : On different human activities, effect of both industrial and domestic effluents information obtained through remote sensing to be verified with the ground truth data for getting proper results. 4. Institutional mechanism It is imperative to have multi-disciplinary, holistic and integrated approach for achieving long-term sustainable wetland conservation and management measures Department of Forests and/or Environment or Urban Development; in some others, it is the Department of Irrigation or Science and Technology or Fisheries. to reduce complexity, the State Steering Committees have been constituted under the chairmanship of Chief Secretaries of the States having members from all Departments concerned.

 Some States have already constituted Authorities for execution of wetland conservation programmes in their respective States. Notable among them are Chilika Development Authority in Orissa (mandated to manage all identified lakes in the State); Loktak Development Authority in Manipur; Shore Area Development Authorityin Andhra Pradesh; Lakes and Waterways Development Authority in Jammu and Kashmir; Lake Development Authority in Karnataka and Lake Conservation Authority in Madhya Pradesh.

5. Capacity building need to have good infrastructure, trained people, and case studies to teach values and functions of wetlands in an integrated and multi-disciplinary manner. several training programmes have been conductedin collaboration with different academic organizations/research institutes/State Governments/international NGOs to impart training on various components of wetland conservation which include wise use, catchment area treatment, weed control,hydrological aspects, research methodology, preparation of management action plans and community participation. A National Training Programme for Integrated Water Resource Management and Wetland Conservation was organized during 7-11 August 2006 by Chilika Development Authority with the financial support from Ministry of Environment and Forests

6. Community Participation No decision-making is complete without participation of local people whose livelihoods depend on wetland resources Participatory Rural Appraisal exercise involving local communities should be the main ingredient of community participation 7. Assistance given by Ministry at 100% grant basis on Survey and Assessment, Catchment Area Treatment, Protection and Monitoring, Restoration Measures , Biodiversity Conservation, Pollution Control, Environmental Education and Awareness, etc

Ramsar convention
Ramsar is a city in Iran where the first World Convention on Wetlands was held on 2nd February 1971. It is a intergovernmental treaty, which provides the framework for national action & international co-operation for conservation & wise use of wetlands & their resource. 162 Contracting Parties to the Convention, who have designated more than 2046 wetland sites throughout the world. 2nd February - world wetland day

 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

sites under Ramsar

12. 13. 14.

15. Pong Dam Lake, Himachal Pradesh 16. Renuka Wetland, Himachal Ashtamudi wetland, Kerala Pradesh Bhitarkanika Mangroves, Orissa Bhoj Wetland, Madhya Pradesh 17. Ropar, Punjab Chandra Taal, Himachal Pradesh 18. Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura 19. Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan Chilika Lake, Orissa 20. Sasthamkotta Lake, Kerala Deepor Beel, Assam 21. Surinsar-Mansar Lakes, Jammu East Calcutta Wetlands, West and Kashmir Bengal 22. Thrissur Kole Wetlands,Kerala Harike Wetland, Punjab Hokersar Wetland, Jammu and 23. Tsomoriri Jammu and Kashmir 24. Upper Ganga River (Brijghat to Kashmir Narora Stretch) Uttar Pradesh Kanjli Wetland, Punjab 25. Vembanad-Kol Wetland ,Kerala Keoladeo National 26. Wular Lake, Jammu and Kashmir Park, Rajasthan Kolleru Lake, Andhra Pradesh Loktak Lake, Manipur Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu

Montreux Record
Montreux Record is a list of such wetland sites maintained by Ramsar Convention Secretariat where changes in ecological character have occurred or are likely to occur as a result of pollution and other anthropogenic activities. It highlights the action to be taken for management of these wetlands on priority basis.