Histologi Saluran Pernafasan

Divided into 2 principal regions : - conducting portion : nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles & terminal bronchioles - rerspiratory portion : respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli (alveoli : the greater part of the lung)

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RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 5 types of cell : 1. ciliated columnar epithelium 2. mucous goblet cells 3. brush cells 4. basal cells 5. small granule cells

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NASAL CAVITY
Consists of : - vestibule (external) - nasal fossae (internal) VESTIBULE Is the most anterior and dilated portion of nasal cavity Numerous sebaceous & sweat glands, vibrisae Within the vestibule keratinized (-) respiratory epithelium before entering the nasal fossae

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NASAL FOSSAE Conchae : - superior : specialized olfactory epithelium - middle respiratory - inferior epithelium The olfactory epithelium olfactory chemoreceptor located Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium 3 types of cells : 1. supporting cells 2. basal cells 3. olfactory cells
Olfactory mucosa showing the 3 cell types (supporting, olfactory, and basal) and a Bowmans gland.

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PARANASAL SINUSES
Closed cavities in the : frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid bones Lined with a thinner respiratory epithelium, few goblet cells Communicate with nasal cavity through small openings Mucous product drain in to the nasal passages by ciliated epithelial cells

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NASOPHARYNX
First part of the pharynx Lined with respiratory epithelium

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LARYNX
Connects the pharynx to the trachea The larger cartilge : hyaline cartilage The smaller cartilage : elastic cartilage Cartilage participate in producing sounds for phonation Below the epiglottis : - false vocal sound - true vocal sound

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TRACHEA
Mucosa : - Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium with goblet cells - Lamina propria Sub mucosa : loose connective tissue Hyaline cartilage : 16-20 C-shaped rings Smooth muscle fibers Adventisia (fibrosa)

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BRONCHUS
5 mm Mucosa : similar to the mucosa of the trachea (Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium) The bronchial cartilage are more irregular shape Larger bronchi : cartilage rings completely encircle the lumen Smaller bronchi : cartilage rings are replaced with isolated plates or islands of hyaline cartilage Lamina propria : smooth muscle layer, rich in elastic fiber, abundance of mucous & serous gland ducts bronchial lumen
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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM CARTILAGE MUSCULARIS ADIPOSE TISSUE

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BRONCHIOLES
5 mm Mucosa : - cartilage & glands (-) - scattered goblet cells

TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES

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TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium Ciliated Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Clara cells : - (-) cilia - (+) secretory granules in their apex - secrete protein protect the bronchiolar lining against oxidative pollutants and inflamation - lamina propria : smooth muscle, elastic fiber
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Clara cells in the epithelium of a terminal bronchiole. These cells show secretory granules and a bulging apical cytoplasm. PT stain. High magnification.

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RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES Transition between conducting and respiratory Mucosa : identical to the terminal bronchioles, except their walls are interrupted by numerous sacklike alveoli proceeding distally alveoli Ciliated Cuboidal Epithelium & Clara cells Smooth muscle and elastic fiber

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Section of a terminal bronchiole with a small portion of a respiratory bronchiole continuous with an alveolar duct and many alveoli. PT stain. Low magnification.

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ALVEOLAR DUCTS
Proceeding distally the number of alveolar openings alveolar ducts Alveolar duct & alveoli lined with squamous cells Lamina propria : smooth muscle disappears at the distal ends of alveolar ducts Alveolar ducts atria that communicate with alveolar sacs Elastic fiber : - enable the alveoli to expand - contract passively with expiration Reticular fibers :
- prevent

overdistention

- prevent damage to the delicate capillaries and thin alveolar septa

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ALVEOLUS
Sacklike evaginations of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacks Resemble small pockets that are open on one side similar to the honeycombs of a beehive Exchange of O2 and CO2 between air & blood Each wall lies between 2 alveoli interalveolar septum An interalveolar septum consists of 2 thin squamous epithelial layers : - type I cells = squamous alveolar cells - type II cells = surfactant cells
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TYPE I CELLS
Line the alveolar surface Cells are so thin (25nm) Desmosomal & occluding junctions prevent leackage of tissue fluid into alveolar air space To provide a barrier minimal thickness that is readily permeable to gases

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TYPE II CELLS Interspersed among the type I cells Desmosomal and occluding junctions Divided by mitosis replace type I & II pupolation Exhibit a characteristic vesicular or foamy cytoplasm, by presence of lamellar bodies Lamellar bodies pulmomary surfactant alveolar surface tension Without surfactant alveoli collaps (expiration) Surfactant appears in the last week of gestation
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Secretion of surfactant by a type II cell. Surfactant is a protein-lipid complex synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex and stored in the lamellar bodies. It is continuously secreted by means of exocytosis (arrows) and forms an overlying monomolecular film of lipid covering an underlying aqueous hypophase. Occluding junctions around the margins of the epithelial cells prevent leakage of tissue fluid into the alveolar lumen.

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