Computer Architecture

Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering University of Swat

CS Course : CS 26 Computer Architecture Course Instructor : Muzammil Khan

Evaluation Criteria
Marks distribution:
Final Term exam 50% Mid Term 30% Assignments + Presentations + Quizzes 20%

Recommended Readings:
Computer Organization and Architecture by William Stallings Seventh Edition or Higher. Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach by Hennessy & Patterson, Morgan & Kauffman Series (2006) Fourth Edition. Internet

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Evaluation Criteria (contd)

Policies for Assignments + Presentations + Quizzes
Late assignments may be accepted with marks reduction. There will be a 20% reduction for assignments submitted up to 24 hours late. There will be no credit then after. Students who have copied assignments or whose assignments have been copied will both be given a big zero Plagiarism is not acceptable. Anyone found to be guilty of plagiarism in an assignment will be given a zero in that assignment Quizzes may be unannounced or announced (depends on your response!)

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Basic Terminologies
Computer Architecture Organization

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Digital Computer
An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), process data arithmetically and logically, produce output from the processing, and store the results for future use. Essential Elements of Digital computer

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Computer Architecture
The structure of a computer that a machine language programmer must understand to write a correct program for that machine. The study of computer architecture includes a study of
The structure of a computer The instruction set of a computer The process of designing a computer

For Example An architectural design issue is, whether a computer will have a multiplication instruction or not

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Computer Architecture Vs Organization

Architecture refers to the attributes of a computer that are visible to a programmer, including
The instruction set The number of bits used to represent various data types I/O mechanisms Memory addressing modes, etc.

Organization refers to the operational units of a computer and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. These include
The control signals Interfaces between the computer and its peripherals Memory technology used, etc.
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Example
An architectural issue
Whether a computer will have a specific instruction or not, i.e. multiply instruction

An organizational issue
How that instruction will be implemented i.e. whether to use special multiply unit or use some mechanism to implement it through add unit of the system

How to take Organization Decision The implementation is depend upon

The frequency of use of multiply instruction Speed, Cost, and physical of the special multiply unit

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Architecture
Architecture is divide into two categories
Structure Function

Structure
The way in which the components are interrelated

Function
The operation of each individual component as the part of the structure Computer system is a complex system, both function and structure are essential part of computer system
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Function
The basic functionalities are;
Data processing Data storage Data movement Control mechanism/ system

Functional view of Computer

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Function

(cont)

Data Processing
Arithmetic operation on data Logical operation on the data

Data storage
Cache
Temporary storage

RAM
Temporary storage

Hard Disk
Permanent storage

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Function

(cont)

Data Movement
From external to internal world or vice versa
Keyboard to CPU CPU to Monitor

Control Mechanism
Controlling all the functionalities within the system
CPU to RAM CPU to other connected devices Internal signals etc

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Function

(cont)

Data movement operation E.g. Keyboard to screen

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Function

(cont)

Storage operation E.g. internet contents download to disk

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Function

(cont)

Processing from/to storage operation E.g. updating bank statment

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Function

(cont)

Processing from storage to I/O & vice versa E.g. printing a bank statement

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Structure

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