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To a great extent, the success or failure of fish culture is determined by water quality
Your fish live in it Are supported by it Receive their oxygen from it And excrete in it
Most disease problems can be avoided with proper management of water quality This includes maintaining water quality at a level that provides an environment conducive to fish health and growth
pH
Carbon dioxide
For each 10C (18F) rise in temperature the metabolic rate doubles Controls the reaction rate of chemicals Influences solubility of gases in water
waste: feces & feed TAN includes ammonium ion (NH4+) and ammonia (NH3) The proportion of NH3 increases with increasing temperature and pH < 0.05 mg/L NH3 < 0.5 mg/L nitrite-N (NO-2)
,
___________________________________________
1.83 15.7 3.82 28.4
86
0.80
7.46
44.6
Nitrate (NO 3 )
Urine
Feces
Urea
Nitrite (NO 2 )
Ammonia (NH 3 )
0.4
0.2
0.0
10 14 18 Time in Days
22
Free CO 2
HCO3
CO 3
50
0
4
8 pH
10
11
12
Hardness
pH
Carbon dioxide
78
< 20 mg/L
Ammonia
Stressors
Poor water quality Environmental conditions Improper handling
Stress is a physiologic state caused by a procedure, environmental condition or other factor which interferes with the fishs ability to maintain a normal state. It extends the adaptive responses of an animal beyond the normal range or which disturbs the normal functioning.
0%
Time
Loading Effects
Number of fish which can successfully live and grow in a given amount of water depends on: DO level Metabolic rate of the fish Amount being fed Pathogen load Water exchange rate
Management Recommendations
Maintain water quality within suggested guidelines Maintain fish loadings at optimum levels of 1/4 to 1/3 lb./gallon (1/2 lb./gallon maximum) Monitor water quality on a regular basis/keep good records
Management Recommendations
Low DO: increase aeration; stop feeding High CO2: increase aeration; add air stripping column Low pH: add sodium bicarbonate; reduce feeding rate; check ammonia & nitrite High NH3: exchange system water; reduce feeding rate; check biofilter, pH, alkalinity & DO in biofilter High nitrite: exchange water; reduce feed; add 6 ppm chloride per 1 ppm nitrite; check biofilter, pH, alkalinity & DO in biofilter
Resources
SRAC Publications: http://www.msstate.edu/dept/srac/publicat.htm Hach WQ test kits: http://www.hach.com/ LaMotte WQ test kits: http://www.lamotte.com/
Equipment Suppliers:
http://aquaticeco.com/ http://www.tecinfo.com/~aqcenter/