INTRODUCTION TO RADAR

RADAR stand for RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING. RADAR is an electromagnetic system for detection and location of objects such as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, vehicles.

 It operates by radiating energy into space and detecting the echo signal reflected from an object

The reflecting energy that is returned to the radar not only indicates the presence of a target, but its location can be determined along with other targetrelated information.
Radar can perform its function at long or short distances , can operate in darkness, haze, fog, rain, and snow

THE BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF RADAR

Radar consists of a transmitter and a receiver each connected to a antenna.

 Figure showing: Principle of radar operation. The transmitted pulse has already passed the target, which has reflected a portion of the radiated energy back toward the radar unit.

 According to the block diagram, the transmitter generates a short, rectangular pulse. As soon as the pulse enters the duplexer disconnected the receiver from antenna and connects the transmitter to the antenna. Distance to the target d=v*t Where, d=distance/range v=velocity t=time.

transmitted pulse terminates, the duplexer disconnects the transmitter from the antenna and connects echoes received by the antenna are fed to the receiver, where they are amplified, demodulated and fed to a display device.

TYPES OF RADAR
Basis on its function radar is classified as:

Primary

Secondary

 A PRIMARY RADAR locates an object by transmitting a signal and detecting the reflected echo. A SECONDARY RADAR SYSTEM is similar in operation to primary radar except that the return signal is radiated from a transmitter on board the target rather than by reflection. In other words, secondary radar operates with a cooperative ACTIVE TARGET while the primary radar operates with a PASSIVE TARGET. But in cases such as controlling of air traffic, the controller must be able to identify the air craft and know whether it is of a friend or a foe.

The SECONDARY RADAR system consists of an INTERROGATOR and a TRANSPONDER. The interrogator transmitter in the ground station interrogates transponder equipped aircraft, providing a two way data link to separate transmit and receive frequencies. The transponder, on board the aircraft, on receipt of a chain of pulses from the ground interrogator, automatically transmits a reply. The reply, coded for purposes of Identification is received back at the ground interrogator where it is decoded and displayed on a radar type presentation.

 IFF is basically radar bacon system employed for the purpose of general identification of military targets. The bacon system when used for the control of civil air traffic is called SECONDARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR (SSR). Primary radar locates an object by transmitting a signal and detecting the reflected echo. A Secondary radar system is basically very similar in operation to primary radar except that the return signal is radiated from a transmitter on board the target rather than by reflection. In other words, secondary radar operates with a co-operative active target while the primary radar operates with a passive target.

WORKING OF A SIMPLE RADAR

A simple RADAR system, as found on many merchant ships, has three main parts. These are: The antenna unit or the scanner. The transmitter/receiver or transceiver and The visual display unit. Ankit read working and add relevent points in the slide