Top 10 Water

CHAPTER 10 WATER
CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg
General Introduction
Every living organism needs water. Chemical formula : H2O It is the only chemical compound that occurs naturally in all three physical states. Physical states: solid snow and ice Liquid rain, lakes and rivers Vapour- steam
General Introduction (contd)

It covers 70% of the earths surface. Pure water is odorless, colorless and tasteless. Approximately 1.7% of the earths water is permanently frozen in glaciers and at the polar ice caps.
Example: Lambert Glacier
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Source: http://www.visitandlearn.co.uk
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Source: http://www.aad.gov.au/
General Introduction (contd)

Water boils at 100C under normal atmospheric pressure. What is the normal atmospheric pressure? Water vapor or steam is invisible and formed by vaporizing water. The lower the pressure, the lower the boiling point.
Importance
Metabolism Photosynthesis Lubrication Transport of substances Transport of heat Support Temperature control Economic/ Daily activities
Give Examples
TYPES of WATER
Types of water
Surface Water Groundwater Precipitation
Surface Water
2 groups - Standing or Running Standing oceans, lakes, reservoirs Running rivers, streams
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Facts: Average depth is 3660 meters No sunlight penetrates below 1000 meters of ocean depth Current physico-chemical characteristics were formed more than 1.5 billion years ago Surface water of the oceans to a depth of 2.5 meters hold as much heat as the entire atmosphere. Rich source of food The composition of oceans are almost the same from one point to another point.
Oceans
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Oceans (contd)
7 most abundant compounds in seawater: Sodium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Calcium sulfate Potassium chloride Calcium carbonate Potassium bromide
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Other Surface Water

Concentrations of natural dissolved substances found in other surface water other than oceans are extremely variable. Contribute to 0.013% of the worlds total water and supply 0.26% of freshwater. Only a tiny portion of surface water appears as running water. Surface flow of streams from the land to the oceans is known as run-off.
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Lakes
Natural lakes are generally found in mountainous areas, rift zones, and areas with ongoing glaciation. Other lakes are found along the courses of mature rivers. Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for:
Industrial or agricultural use, Hydro-electric power generation Domestic water supply Aesthetic or recreational purposes
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Lakes
The majority of lakes on Earth are fresh water, and most lie in the Northern Hemisphere at higher latitudes. Most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a river or stream, which maintain a lake's average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have a natural outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage or both. They are termed endorheic lakes.
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Lake Baikal (largest lake in terms of volume)
16 Source: http://www.greenpeace.org.uk
Lake Tanganyika
17 Source: http://www.nsf.gov
Groundwater
Fresh water stored in open spaces within underground rocks. It is formed by water percolation and water infiltration.
Groundwater passes through the aeration zone into saturation zone.

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Groundwater (contd)
Percolation rain that seeps into the ground Infiltration from streams, lake and ponds water table Top of saturation zone When water table exceeds soil, lakes and streams are formed. When water table occurs at soil surface, swamp is formed.
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Groundwater (contd)
It is traditionally considered very pure. Fresh groundwater contributes to 0.76% of the worlds total water supply and around 30% of water supply. Groundwater is vulnerable to chemical pollution, such as nitrates leaching from fertilizers. Explain.
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Precipitation
Cone of depression
Recharge zone
Influent stream
Water table Effluent Stream (Discharge zone)

Well
Aquifer
Recharge mound
Confining layer
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Interactions between groundwater & Surface Water

Withdrawal of groundwater lower water table and may change a perennial stream into an intermittent stream. Withdrawal/ diversion of surface water affects groundwater replenishment and quality. It may increase the chemical concentration in groundwater.
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Groundwater (contd)
What are the environmental implications of improper groundwater pumping?
Ground subsidence Landslides Groundwater quality deterioration Flooding Saltwater intrusion
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24 Source: http://www.museumca.org
Land subsidence
Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-103-03/images/fig6.JPG 25
Precipitation
Precipitation (also known as one of the classes of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena) is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity.
Plays an important part in hydrologic cycle.

There is no general composition for precipitation. Insoluble solids such as wind-blown dust and sand can be found in precipitation.
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Precipitation
The main forms of precipitation include: Drizzle (sometimes called mist) Rain Hail Snow Sleet
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A layer of sleet (North American definition: Soft hail) on the ground
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Precipitation (contd)
The composition of rain in coastal regions is dominated by the presence of sodium chloride. Its concentration decreases exponentially with distance from the coast, leveling off at about 100 km.
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Soluble ions in Precipitation

Major soluble ions: SO42- (sulfate) and NO3- (nitrate) H+ -- from atmospheric acids NH4+ --from ammonia neutralization of these acids K+ (Potassium) and Ca2+ (Calcium) -predominantly from wind-blown soil Na+ (Sodium), Mg2+ (Magnesium), Cl(Chloride)
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Precipitation (contd)
Effect on agriculture
Precipitation, especially rain, has a dramatic effect on agriculture. All plants need at least some water to survive, therefore rain (being the most effective means of watering) is important to agriculture. Too much kill crops and increase erosion. - overly wet weather can cause harmful fungus growth. - soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases during the wet season.
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Thank you
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CHAPTER 10 WATER

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

General Introduction (contd)

Example: Lambert Glacier

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

General Introduction (contd)

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

Surface Water Groundwater Precipitation

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

Other Surface Water

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

Lake Baikal (largest lake in terms of volume)

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

Groundwater passes through the aeration zone into saturation zone.

Water table Effluent Stream (Discharge zone)

Interactions between groundwater & Surface Water

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

Plays an important part in hydrologic cycle.

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

A layer of sleet (North American definition: Soft hail) on the ground

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

Soluble ions in Precipitation

CHEM115 Environmental Chemistry Background Source: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/gallery/wedding/scenery.jpg

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