The Endocrine system

Glands and hormones

Section 39-2 The Endocrine System

regulates

Growth

Water balance
by means of the

Reproduction

Metabolism

Calcium and glucose levels by means of the

Response to stress
by means of the

by means of the

by means of the

by means of the

Pituitary

Testes

Thyroid

Pancreas

Adrenals

Ovaries

Parathyroids

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Control daily activities and long term changes Secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Hormones- chemical messengers carried by blood

May stimulate other glands Regulate growth, development, metabolism, sex processes

Major Glands of the Endocrine system

Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal. Pancreas Ovaries Testes Thymus Pineal

Hypothalamus
Part of brain and attached to pituitary Controls pituitary secretions Link between the nervous system and the endocrine system

Pituitary gland

Master gland of body

Primary function is to control other glands. Secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus in the base of the brain.

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland produces hormones that control other glands as well as hormones that have a direct affect on the body.

Hormones that affect other glands: produces thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) adrenal glands follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ovaries; Luteinizing hormone (LH) Oxytocin mammary glands

Hormones that directly affect cells/organs: growth hormone (GH) cells/tissue antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - kidney

Pituitary Gland

ADH (vasopressin) causes the kidney to retain water. TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones, thus metabolic rate Growth hormone (GH)

glucose usage consumption of fats as an energy source

ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to release its hormones FSH & LH stimulates maturation & release of eggs from ovary.

Gigantism/Acromegaly- oversecretion of GH

Decreased muscle strength (weakness) Easy fatigue Enlarged jaw (prognathism) and tongue Excessive height (when excess growth hormone production begins in childhood) Excessive sweating Joint pain Limited joint movement Widened fingers or toes due to skin overgrowth with swelling, redness, and pain

Dwarfism- undersecretion of GH

Delayed bone, muscle, and sexual development Heart dysfunction Impaired concentration and memory loss

Diabetes insipidus- decreased ADH (unable to retain water in body)

Extreme thirst Excess urination Dehydration

Questions
What is the function of the hypothalamus? Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?

Thyroid Gland

Thyroid gland must have a source of iodine to function properly Thyroid- produces hormones that

control metabolism (conversion of calories into energy to maintain process in the cells) - THYROXINE Regulate calcium levels in blood - CALCITONIN.

Calcium is needed for strong bones AND the transmission of nerve signals.

Questions
What is the function of thyroxine? What is the function of calcitonin?

Thyroid Gland Disorders

Goiter (swelling of the thyroid gland)

Not enough iodine in diet This is why we use IODIZED salt.

Inadequate amounts of calcium

Hypocalcemia

Muscle spasms and cramps Irregular heart beat Overly active reflexes

Hypothyroidism

Inadequate amounts of thyroid hormones Facial bloating weakness cold intolerance lethargy altered mental status oily skin and hair

Parathyroid Glands

Parathyroid Glands
small, pea-shaped glands, located in the neck near the thyroid usually 4 - number can vary regulate the level of calcium in the body produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) - level of calcium in blood

Calcium Regulation
PTH-Parathyroid hormones Increases calcium, phosphate, and magnesium absorption in intestines. Causes bones to release calcium and phosphate Causes removal of calcium and magnesium from urine by kidneys Increases the making of Vitamin D in body

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Our body uses a feedback mechanism to maintain homeostasis within our body. Regulation of sugar is another example of this process. Its called negative feedback because the loop is turned off by the result.

Example: Thermostat turns on when it gets too hot but turns off when it reaches the set temperature.

Questions
PTH cause the small intestine to absorb more calcium, _____ and _____. What does PTH cause the bones to release? What do the kidneys do because of PTH?

Adrenal Glands

Located just above the kidney Secretes many hormones Epinephrine aka adrenaline Norepinephrine

Thymus

The thymus gland is a gland that forms part of the immune system. It is situated in the upper part of the chest, behind the breastbonea. The thymus enlarges from about the 12th week of gestation until puberty, when it begins to shrink. Its function is to transform lymphocytes (white blood cells developed in the bone marrow) into T-cells (cells developed in the thymus). These cells are then transported to various lymph glands, where they play an important part in fighting infections and disease. Swelling of lymph glands and fever are a signal that immune cells are multiplying to fight off invaders of the body: bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites.

Pancreas

secretes insulin, a hormone that transports glucose into cells.

Insulin the rate at which various body cells take up glucose. Thus, insulin lowers the blood glucose level.

Insulin is rapidly broken down by the liver and must be secreted constantly.

Also secretes glucagon

Glucagon

When you are in need of additional energy, glucagon stimulates the liver to release stored glucose called glycogen Also, glucagon stimulates the liver to manufacture glucose

What Happens?

Between meals Blood glucose lowPancreas secretes glucagonLiver changes glycogen to glucoseglucose sent to target tissues
After a meal Blood glucose highPancreas secretes insulinGlucose goes to the Liver(Glygogen) and goes to Target tissues

Section 39-2 The Endocrine System

regulates

Growth

Water balance
by means of the

Reproduction

Metabolism

Calcium and glucose levels by means of the

Response to stress
by means of the

by means of the

by means of the

by means of the

Pituitary

Testes

Thyroid

Pancreas

Adrenals

Ovaries

Parathyroids

Endocrine Glands
Hypothalamus The hypothalamus makes hormones that control the pituitary gland. In addition, it makes hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland.

Pineal gland The pineal gland releases melatonin, which is involved in rhythmic activities, such as daily sleep-wake cycles.

Pituitary gland The pituitary gland produces hormones that regulate many of the other endocrine glands.

Thyroid The thyroid produces thyroxine, which regulates metabolism. Pancreas The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood. Ovary The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg.

Parathyroid glands These four glands release parathyroid hormone, which regulate the level of calcium in the blood.

Thymus During childhood, the thymus releases thymosin, which stimulates Tcell development. Adrenal glands The adrenal glands release epinephrine and nonepinephrine, which help the body deal with stress.

Testis The testes produce testosterone, which is responsible for sperm production and the development of male secondary sex characteristics

Explain
What is the overall function of the endocrine system? With what other systems does the endocrine system interact?