Friction always works in the direction opposite from the direction the object is moving, or trying to move.

It always slows a moving object down.

The amount of friction depends on the materials from which the two surfaces are made. The rougher the surface, the more friction is produced. For example, you would have to push a book harder to get it moving on a carpet than you would on a wooden floor . This is because there is more friction between the carpet and the book than there is between the wood and the book.

Friction also produces heat. For example, if you rub your hands together quickly, they get warmer.

Friction can be a useful force because it prevents our shoes slipping on the pavement when we walk and stops car tyres skidding on the road.

Ice causes very little friction, which is why it is easy to slip over on an icy day. But this is a good thing for ice skating and sledging

Sometimes we want to reduce friction.

For example, moving parts inside a car engine are lubricated with oil, to reduce friction between them. The oil holds the surfaces apart, and can flow between them. The reduced friction means there is less wear on the metal, and less heat produced.

What Causes Friction?

Even though a surface may look smooth, if you magnify the surface it isnt smooth.
Everything is made of molecules. The molecules come together to make bumps. Some surfaces have molecules that leave large bumps and some leave smaller bumps, but all surfaces have bumps. Microwelds occur when two bumpy surfaces are rubbed up against each other they stick together.

Static Friction
Remember Newtons Second Law of Motion, If the acceleration is zero, the net force is zero. Therefore, because you cant move it, another force is being applied to cancel out your force. That opposing force is friction caused by the micro welds between the bottom of the box and the floor. This type of friction is called static friction

Sliding Friction
Sliding Friction is the force that opposes the motion of two surfaces sliding past each other. Sliding friction is caused by micro welds constantly breaking and then forming again as the box slides along the floor.

Rolling Friction
The friction between the rolling tires and the ground is called rolling friction. Rolling friction is much less friction than static or sliding friction.

The Development of Friction theories:

The very first theory of friction came out of Da Vinci's experimental work in the 16th century. He proposed; (1) The area of contact has no effect on friction; (2) If the load of an object is doubled, its friction will also be doubled

The Da Vinci's observations were finally decoded when Amonton in 1699 provided what are now knows as Laws of Friction and often referred as Amonton's Law: 1) F = p where F = Force , = Coefficient of friction ,P = Load

Eighty two years later in 1781, Coulomb proposed the third law of friction which says that friction is independent of the relative sliding velocity between two objects

 The understanding of friction between solids was made clearer after the development of the junction growth theory by Bowden and Tabor (1950).
This is also known as the adhesion theory of friction. It states that friction is a result of the true contact area between the solids. The true area of contact is far less in comparison to the apparent contact area. True area of contact is a sum of the all micro-contacts at the asperities of the two solids and will be dependent on the yield strength of the materials. A soft material such as rubber would give near complete contact meaning true area of contact will be equal to the apparent area of contact.

Bowden And Tabors Simple Adhesion Theory

When two surfaces are loaded, the intimate contacts occur at the peaks of the asperities and the real area of contact is very less compared to the nominal area. The pressure at the points of contact is so high that the asperities tips flow plastically and this causes the total area to grow. This growth process continues until the total real area of contact is sufficient to support the elastically. Then for an elastic-plastic material, the normal load W may be expressed as W=A . P Where A is real area of contact and p is yield pressure of softer material and it is very near to the hardness, H . Hence W=A . H The friction force due to adhesion Fadh = A . S Where s is shear strength of softer material. Thus the coefficient of friction due to adhesion is = Fadh / W = S/ H

Modified Adhesion Theory : Junction Growth

The tangential stress is applied the area of true contact increases according to a relation of the type p2 + s2 = p02 where p is the normal and s the tangential stress in the contact region and an appropriate constant. The analysis given here shows that if the interface is only 5% weaker than the bulk metal, junction growth ceases and gross sliding occurs when the coefficient of friction is of the order of unity. This corresponds to the experimental observation that minute amounts of oxygen or air reduce the friction of thoroughly clean metals from extremely high values to values of about 1. In the presence of a lubricant film the transmissible stresses are so small that little junction growth can occur before sliding takes place. The expression for the coefficient of friction now reduces to a form resembling that given by the earlier simpler theory, namely = si/p0, where siis the critical shear stress of the lubricant layer.

The present treatment thus incorporates the effect of combined stresses and surface contamination into a more general theory of metallic friction.

Deformation Theory : Ploughing

In cases where adhesion is small,ploughing becomes a dominant component of Friction . If one of the surfaces in sliding motion in contact is harder than the other, the asperities of the harder surface may penetrate and plough into the softer surface and produce grooves when shear strength is exceeded. Ploughing may also occur as a result of impacted or entrapped wear particles.

During the sliding the front surface of the asperities Comes into contact with the softer body. Therefore the Normal load W is supported by the horizontal projection Of the asperity contact area Av.

Considering the yield pressure of the solid as P and the The yielding of the body to be isotropic

W = P . AH F = P . Av Thus the coefficient of friction due to ploughing is given by p = F/ W = AH / Av Fig (a) shows a hard conical asperity on a softer material For this

Av = 1/2 (2 rd) , AH
Therefore , p

1/2 2

Av / AH = 2/ (cot)

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