B.Eng.

(Electrical Engineering) CSE-342

Communication System II

Lecture 6 Digital Switching

ELECTRONIC SWITCHING

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Switch System Classification

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Stored Program control

In electromechanical exchanges, common

control mainly use switches and relays Since they are operated much more frequently therefore they wear out earlier Also, Crossbar switches were slow in processing calls Incentive for electronic common controls Modern digital computers were used for controlling switches i.e. (SPC) SPC carries out exchange control function through program stored in memory i.e. instructions are stored in memory and are executed one by one
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Stored Program control

SPC allowed several features to be extended to users like:

Call barring (outgoing and incoming) Repeat last call Reminder calls e.g. wake-up call Call diversion Three way calls Charge advice

Computer has to be highly tolerant to faults In 1965, first SPC exchange was installed in USA by

AT&T at New Jersey Fully electronic exchange requires replacement of electromechanical switches in the speech path as well:

Replace relay contacts with electronic devices (such as diodes) Use multiplex system (FDM, TDM)

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 Switching system can be classified as:

Space-division (SD) systems Time-division (TD) systems

All electromechanical exchanges are SD systems

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Approaches of SPC
There are two approaches of implementing

SPC

Centralized Distributed

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Central Control
In Central control, central processor controls every

thing and performs different functions with the same hardware by executing different programs Central control uses reed relay for cross points Reed relay consist of sealed contacts inside an operating coil and glass They are faster in operation (less than 1 ms) and more reliable as there are sealed and there are no external moving parts Each cross point has its own reed relay This system is similar to manual exchange i.e. single processor is controlling every thing
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Reed Relay

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Reed Relay with Central Control

A scanner is continuously monitoring all the line

connections This record is accessible to central processor Processor uses marker to establish path between calling line and register Register sends data to processor for action Processor establishes connection through reed relay switching network using marker More then one processors are employed in actual exchanges
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Reed Relay with Central Control

Junctions

LC

Reed Relay SW NW

Registers Scanner Processors

Markers

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Reed Relay with Central Control TXE-4 (Telephone Exchange Electronics)

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Distributed Control
Control functions are shared by many

processors in an exchange Offers better availability and reliability and was possible because of low cost of processors Control functions can be divided horizontally or vertically Exchange control functions are divided among number of processors and each processor is responsible to do all the tasks In horizontal decomposition, each processor perform only one or some function
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DIGITAL SWITCHING

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Digital Switching
Digital switch is made up of two elements T (time division

switching) and S (space division switching) It can be made of sequences of T & S Older switches had multiple space stages e.g. AT&T No. 4 ESS is a TSSSST switch New switches are either TST or STS In space division switching physical path is established using cross points Multi stage space division network, allows sharing of cross points The enormous number of cross points needed in a large switch brings us to consider the time switch A time switch functions by switching in the time dimension instead of the space dimension In digital transmission, sampled values of speech are sent as PAM values or PCM binary words
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Evolution of Digital Switching System (1)

If a tandem exchange has a mixture of PCM junctions and

analog audio junctions PCM terminal equipment is needed instead for the analog junctions Can use time-division switching for trunk and tandem exchanges for cost saving Tandem exchanges have no customers lines which further reduces cost and fully digital exchanges were first introduced for trunk and junction switching (e.g. Bell No.4 ESS system) Also, a local exchange can be formed by adding concentrators to the periphery of a tandem exchange This enabled cheap line ccts to be retained and a large number of subscribers to share a PCM equipment to access the time-division routing switch
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Evolution of Digital Switching System (2)

Development of semiconductor technology enabled use of

codec (PCM coder/decoder) to be manufactured on a single chip So one for each subscribers line can be used As a result, all the necessary functions can be implemented economically on a subscribers line-interface circuit (SLIC) These functions can be summarized by the acronym: BORSCHT

Battery feed Over-voltage protection Ringing Supervisory signaling Coding Hybrid Testing

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Evolution of Digital Switching System (3)

These developments eliminated electromechanical

concentrators Resulting in fully digital local exchange e.g. AXE-10, DMS-10,E-12, No.5 ESS, EWS-D, NEAX systems etc Since digital concentrator is connected to the route switch by a PCM link, it can be remote of it It can be controlled by the central processor of the exchange by control signals sent over the PCM link in addition to speech channels This removed restriction over the size of the local exchange area due to DC resistance and attenuation limits of customers lines
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Evolution of Digital Switching System (4)

Next was to move the PCM codec from exchange end of

the customers line to the customers end Provides digital transmission over the customers line Any form of digital signal can be transmitted whose rate does not exceed 64 kbps This led to Integrated services digital network (ISDN): in which customers terminal equipment and the local exchange can he used to provide many different services Access to ISDN is provided in two forms:

Basic-rate access customers line carries two 64 kbps B channels plus a 16 kbps D channel (for common signaling channel) in each direction Primary-rate access two lines carry complete PCM frame at 1.5 Mbps or 2 Mbps in each direction providing 23 or 30 ccts at 64 kbps plus a common signaling channel also at 64 kbps

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Time Division Switching

In Space division switching, the crosspoints can not

be shared. Time division switching involves the sharing of crosspoints for shorter periods of time Therefore, greater savings in crosspoints can be achieved Hence, by using a dynamic control mechanisms, a switching element can be assigned to many inletoutlet pairs for few microseconds This is the principle of time division switching
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 Time division switching uses time division

multiplexing to achieve switching Two popular methods that are used in time division multiplexing are (a) the time slot interchange (TSI) and (b) the TDM bus
A B C T D M C,B,A T S I B,A,C T D M C A B

TSI :

changes the order of the slots according to the desire connection . e.g. order A, B, C is changed to C, A, B

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Time Switch (Time Slot Interchanger)

Time switch is also called time slot interchanger Time slot interchanging involves interchanging of time slots In ordinary time division multiplexing, the data reaches the output in the same order as they are sent. But TSI changes the ordering of slots based on the desired connections The de-multiplexer separates the stots and passes them to the proper outputs The TDM uses a control unit The control unit opens and closes the gates according to the switching need Functionally, it is equivalent to a space-divided switch
Desired Connections A1-------B3 A2-------B1 A3-------B4 A4-------B2

D C B A D C B A D C B A
A4 A3 A2 A1 A4 A3 A2 A1 A4 A3 A2 A1

TSI

C A D B C A D B C A D B
B4 B3 B2 B1 B4 B3 B2 B1 B4 B3 B2 B1 24

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Time Slot Interchanger (TSI)

Time slot interchange needs following functionalities:

Memory for storing incoming stream (Speech memory) Writing on memory Reading from memory Memory for storing control program (Control Memory) Time slot counter

All these combined is called a TSI Module Equivalent to strictly non-blocking switch Two ways to implement time slot interchange are:

Sequential write & Random read Random write & Sequential read

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Sequential Write & Random read

Data words in incoming stream are written sequentially

in speech memory by incrementing counter with every time slot Size of speech memory is as per size of exchange Speech memory is accessed twice i.e. for writing and for reading Control memory specifies which address is to be specified for that particular time slot Also called output controlled TSI module

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Sequential write & random read

Data In (sequential timeslot order)
1 2 3 4

Speech Memory
RAM = 24 x 8 bits Write Address Counter 23 24 Read address

Data Out (contents of timeslots rearranged)

Control Signalling

1 2 3 4

Control Memory
RAM = 24 x 5 bits 23 24

Space switch equivalent:

24 x 24 full matrix 1 1

24

24

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TSI Switch Architecture

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Random Write & Sequential read

Opposite of first method

Incoming data stream is written in the speech memory

as specified by control memory in the desired output order Outgoing data is retrieved sequentially under control of time slot counter Also called input controlled TSI module

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Size of TSI
Limit on the size of time slot interchange exchange is

placed by time taken to read and write to memory In order for a time slot interchanger to function, the entire frame needs to be written into memory and then read out according to the control memory every 125 microseconds If we needed to switch a T1 (24 channels) our memory would need to be able to write and read each time slot in 5208 nano seconds (125/24) Maximum supported speed is for 3000 ports To further increase size, need to look to other techniques

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Size of TSI
The speech memory in the TSI module has to perform N

read operations and N write operations during the frame interval of 125 s, where N denotes the number of channels in the TDM inlet/outlet signals Assuming that a read or a write operation takes the same amount of time, equal to the memory cycle time, The maximum number of channels that can be switched with a single TSI module is given by: Maximum channels = 125 s / [2xmemory cycle time in s] If the speed of memory is 25 ns then how many channels can be supported ?

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Time-Slot Interchange (TSI) Switching

Write bytes from arriving TDM stream into memory Read bytes in permuted order into outgoing TDM stream Max # slots = 125 msec / (2 x memory cycle time)

1 2 d 24 c 23 3 b 2 a 1

a
b

Read slots according to connection permutation

Incomin

g TDM stream

Write 22 slots in order of 23 arrival

b 24

a 23

d 2

c 1

c d

Outgoin

24

g TDM stream
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Time-slotCSE-342 interchange

Increasing the capacity of the single stage time switch

Two methods:
1.

use two data memories in the double buffering mode allows the capacity to be doubled

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2.

a technique of storing multiple copies of the input data - number of copies stored equals the desired capacity increase over the normal TSI module

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How to increase switch capacity?

Enter the space switch (S) Example: time slot B1 on trunk B is moved to the Z trunk

into time slot Z1; and time slot Cn is moved to trunk W into time slot Wn; However, there is no change in the time slot position

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Time Multiplexed Space Switch

Time multiplexed space switch consist of cross points

matrix made up of logic gates (AND gate) It allows switching of time slots in a spatial domain It switches in space domain not in time domain The matrix consists of a number of input horizontals and output verticals with a logic gate at each crosspoint Timeslots are not interchanged however specific inlets are connected to specific outlets depending upon the requirement Space switch is reconfigured for every time slot of each frame
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 Max capacity of the switch during any one time slot

interval measured in simultaneous call connection is the smaller value of M or N. Example: 20 x 30 switch with 30 time slots on each link, the switch can then handle 20 x 30 = 600 different time slots

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Time Multiplexed Space Switch

If 3 time slots on each of 4 physical inlets and 4 physical

outlets then total capacity would be ? 3 x 4 = 12 instead of 4

TS3 TS2 TS1

Space switch equivalent:

TMSS
TS2

Three 4 x 4 full matrices (one for each time slot)

TS3

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Architecture of an n x k TMSS
No. of bits required in the control word for this implementation is k log2 n

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How TMSS system work?

Cross-point address memory (XAM) memory is used to

control switching

XAM is a RAM with capacity to store a word for each time slot, each word being a number identifying a specific physical input to connect to during each time slot

Control signalling tells the XAM to store the name of the

physical input in the appropriate time slot location & then corresponding cross point is also enabled The space switch is rapidly reconfigured at each time slot to affect the proper connections Note that data is switched across physical inputs/outputs, but not across time slots
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Column Oriented Control

I/P 1
1 2 3 4

I/P 2

XAM
RAM = 24 x 5 bits

Each XAM stores the name of the I/P to which its O/P is connected to in each time slot.

I/P 3
23 24

I/P 4

Example: XAM #1 XAM #2 XAM #3 XAM #4 To switch I/P 2 to O/P 4 in time slot 18, then XAM #4 stores the value 2 in location 18.

O/P 1

O/P 2

O/P 3

O/P 4

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Row Oriented Control

I/P 1

XAM #1

1 2 3 4

I/P 2

XAM

Each XAM stores the name of the O/P to which its I/P is connected to in each time slot.

XAM #2

RAM = 24 x 5 bits

I/P 3

23 24

XAM #3 Example:
I/P 4

XAM #4

To switch I/P 2 to O/P 4 in time slot 18, then XAM #2 stores the value 4 in location 18.

O/P 1

O/P 2

O/P 3

O/P 4

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Time Vs Space
Space

Advantage Instantaneous, no delay Disadvantage Size i.e. trade off between number of cross points and blocking must be made
Advantage No physical connection needed Disadvantage Time delay due to processing

Time

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Two Dimensional Digital Switching

Combination of the time and space switches

Permits a large number of simultaneous connections

to be supported for a given technology Large digital switches require switching operations in both a space dimension and a time dimension The space switching and time switching may be accomplished in many ways

For example: A two stage combination switch referred as time space (TS) or space time (ST) switches respectively Or, Three stage time and space combinations of TST and STS configurations which are more popular and flexible CSE-342
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Combination of Space and Time Switches

Two stage switches

Time-Time (TT) switch Time-Space (TS) switch Space-Time (ST) switch Space-Space (SS) switch

TT-switch gives no advantage compared to a single

stage T-switch SS-switch increases blocking probability

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The TS and ST Switch

ST-switch gives high blocking probability (S-switch

can develop blocking on an arbitrary bus, e.g. slots from two different buses attempting to flow to a common output) TS-switch has low blocking probability, because Tswitch allows rearrangement of time-slots so that Sswitching can be done blocking free

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The TS and ST Switch

The problem is

If you put the TMS first, two input in the same channel in different TDM streams can not be switched to the same output TDM stream If you put the TSIs first, you can avoid the space blocking, but you can not guarantee that a data stream will end up in the right channel on the TDM output stream
These give you two chances to get the input into the right channel of the right TDM output stream

The solution is to use either a TST or STS switch

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Time-Space-Time Switching
Space Switch:
Physical inputs are connected to physical outputs but time slots are not changed.

Time Switch: D C B A D C B A
TSI

C A D B C A D B

Data is switched between time slots but remains on the same physical connection.

Time-Space-Time Switch: D C B A D C B A A A D B A A D B
TST

D C B A D C B A
D C B A D C B A

B A C D B A C D
C D B C C D B C

Data is switched between time slots and physical connections.

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The TST Switch

A set of TSIs (one per channel) is

used to

time hash the input data (I.e., move it around in its TDM steam) so every data stream headed for the same output TDM stream ends up on a different time slot gets all the required data streams into the each of the output TDM streams correctly order the data stream in each of the final TDM output streams

The TMS

Another set of TSIs is used to

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Time-Space-Time Switching
Time-Space-Time switching is when data is switched

across time slots and physical connections It is combination of TSI and TMSS Space stage provides connectivity between time stages The advantages provided by this configuration are :

Size will be reduced Call handling capacity multiplied by factor of n or m ? Average delay will be reduced when number of TSI Stages are increased i.e. instead of having one stage of 12 if we have 3 stages of 4 time slots

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Time-Space-Time Hybrid Switch

Use TSI in first & third stage; Use crossbar in middle

Replace n input x k output space switch by TSI switch that takes n-slot input frame and switches it to k-slot output frame
kxn
1

nxk
1

N/n x N/n
1

nxk N inputs
2

nxk
3

Input TDM frame with n slots n 2 1

1 2

Output TDM frame with k slots k 2 1

nxk
N/n

n Time-slot interchange

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Flow of time slots between switches

First slot First slot N/n N/n
1

nk
1

kn
1

nk
2

kn N/n N/n
2 2

nk
N/n

kn N/n N/n
N/n

kth slot

kth slot

Only one space switch active in each time slot

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Time-Share the Crossbar Switch

TSI stage
TDM n slots n slots

Space stage
TDM k slots TDM k slots

TSI stage kxn

1

nxk
1

nxk
2

kxn N/n x N/n Time-shared space switch

2

N inputs

n slots

nxk
3

kxn
3

N outputs

n slots

nxk
N/n

Interconnection

pattern of space switch is reconfigured every time slot Very compact design: fewer lines because of TDM & less space because of time-shared crossbar
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kxn
N/n

Example: A2, B4, C1, D3

(a) A B
3-stage

C A

Space Switch C D

D
B

(b)
B2 A2 B1 A1
Equivalent

2x3
1

B1 A1

C1 A1

3x2
1

A1 C1

TST Switch
D2 C2 D1 C1 D1 C1 D1 B1

2x3
2

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3x2
2

B1 D1
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Non-blocking TST switch

Number of time slots in the inlet TDM signal is different than that

in the outlet TDM signal To simplify the design. we will set the first stage expansion ratio (or the third stage compression ratio) k/n = 2 Data & control memories in this case must be twice as fast compared to the normal (n x n) TSI module A strictly nonblocking TST switch using these modules and the TMSS is shown below for the case of N = nk channels:

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Non-blocking TST switch

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Space equivalent of Nonblocking TST switch

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Space-Time-Space Switching
It reverses the order of TST switch

It consist of space cross points matrix at input followed by TSI

and then another space cross points at output Early designs used STS switches as storage memory and switching were expensive to implement Due to recent advancement in electronics current architecture uses TST switch

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Non-blocking STS Switch

From Clo's theorem, we require k = 2n - 1 for this switch

to be strictly non-blocking. For a given total number of channels (nN in this case), we pick the value of N so as to operate the TSI modules close to their maximum speed. This usually leads to more economical designs since the cost of a memory bit is much smaller than that of a crosspoint. Assuming that a crosspoint costs M times as much as a memory bit, the complexity of the switch can be characterized by: Switch complexity = Total amount of memory + M x Total number of cross points
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TST Compared STS

Both TST and STS can be designed with identical call

carrying capacities and blocking probabilities Architecture of TST is more complex as compared to STS switching with space concentration But TST is more cost effective because time expansion can be achieved at less cost than space expansion Therefore, TST switches have a distinct implementation advantage over STS when a large amount of traffic is to be handled STS has relatively simpler control requirements For large strictly nonblocking switches, STS designs turn out to be more economical than TST designs Delay through the STS switch is smaller
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Parts of Digital Exchange

Terminating equipment/Subscriber line interface card

SLIC (matches different lines to digital switch path)

Battery supply Over voltage protection Ringing Signaling Coding Hybrid Test access

Switching Network (puts through connection) Centralized / decentralized control (controls both areas)

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Stored Program control (Processor Architecture)

Minimum two processors used so that if one fails

then other should take over Can be configured to operate as :

Worker & Standby

Hot standby (Second processor is constantly updated) Cold standby (Second processor is up and running but it is not being updated) There will be traffic disruption in case of cold standby both the processors are working together and sharing the load In case of failure second processor will take over

Load Sharing

Synchronous dual operation (Lock Step)

both processors receive identical inputs, operate in sync to produce same output at same time Outputs are compared to identify faults immediately

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Stored Program control (Processor Architecture)

Synchronous dual operation was initially used in

AXE 10 exchange but now hot standby is used An extension of synchronous dual operation is to use three processors with majority decision e.g. TXE-4 In large exchanges multiprocessor architecture is used Load is divided on geographical basis i.e. each processor controlling different part of exchange e.g. trunk/subscriber etc Processors repeatedly run diagnostic programs to check peripheral, memories etc Processors check each other by exchanging signals as per agreed upon protocol
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Stored Program control (Processor Architecture)

Faults can occur due to :

Hardware failure

occur due to failure of component solved by reconfiguration i.e. by taking out faulty equipment and bring in stand by

Software failure

occurs due to bug in program recovered by means of roll-back i.e. processor is loaded with data prior to error If error is not removed then another roll back is done Last resort is complete initialization of system fault is removed by applying patch

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Distributed Processing
Due to reduction in cost, control of switching systems

can be decentralized Regional processors (RP) for particular functions Central processor for complex tasks Bus and auxiliary switch in AXE used for exchange of msgs passed through main switching NW Memory for RP, so dimensioning of common storage is not a problem & complexity of call processing software is also reduced

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Software
Like computer, exchange processor uses software for processing

calls Many calls are handled concurrently Each time processors returns to a call it needs to determine its state by reading data from memory This data can include : Line Store (class of service, status of line i.e. free, busy or parked) Call record (time of origin, time of answer signal, time of clear down, address digits received, equipment number of line/equipment, switch path used) Translation table (used for address decoding Directory Number to Equipment Number, MDF is used to facilitate connection of subscribers to exchange, overload protection and testing of line, It has loop side and line side) Map of switching NW (busy/free condition of all trunks stored in memory , program checks status of these lines) CSE-342
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Software (Operating system)

Complete software for exchange consist of: Operating system Application program Operating system provides environment in which application

programs work The major tasks of operating system include :

Input/output control (communication between processor and system it controls) Inter-process communication (communication between processes and processors) Interrupt handling (ensure precedence for high priority processes) Scheduling (processes are carried out as per predetermined order and timing) Storage management (storage and accessing of exchange, customer and call data) Human machine communication (to provide protocols for communication between terminals and the processor )

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Software (Application)
Application software deals with following :

Call processing program access various data tables for the path selection through the switching network and the setup of a switch connection Maintenance program initiated through MML commands and are responsible for maintaining system operation e.g. hardware fault diagnosis, alarms etc Database State of line/Trunks Tables, Class of service tables, Call record tables, Routing data tables
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Software (Application)
Administrative program:- The main task of administration

programs is to process administration MML (man machine language) commands to do following :

Database management Traffic recording Changing customers facilities and directory numbers Changing routing and routing codes Generation of exchange statistics

Large amount of software is needed for these tasks Research showed that administrative program

comprised 71% of total software but was used for only 0.1%

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MML (Man Machine Language)

Man machine language is used by system

operators to communicate with exchange software WinFiol is name of program used for communicating with Ericsson exchange It accepts MML commands , executes them and display result depending upon command Examples of MML command are as under :

ALLIP; MONTI; END;

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Software
Software written using HLL such as CHILL

(CCITTHLL),PLEX, ERLANG Time critical application can be written in assembly language Modular approach is used as different type of exchanges need different services i.e. transit exchanges Appropriate modules are selected from software library and linked using linker program to form system software It is then linked with concerned data e.g. # of customers lines, class of service, calling rates, routes definition etc
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Overload Control
There is a limit on number of calls which can be handled by SPC

exchange i.e. N Capacity of exchange is expressed in terms of : # of lines Traffic in Erlangs (traffic in one hour) # of busy hour call attempts (BHCA) (# of call attempts during busiest hour) After N is reached throughput of successful calls decreases Overload control is used to prevent this behavior Overload control program monitors queues of awaiting tasks and if exceeds threshold then takes following actions : Discontinues background tasks e.g. routine maintenance etc Proportion of new calls rejected All calls rejected except having priority e.g. 1122, 15 etc Existing calls are not rejected CSE-342
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Availability
SPC makes the operation of exchange dependent upon small

number of equipment They must be designed to high standards of reliability Once an equipment has failed then fault must be diagnosed and rectified ASAP Equipment provides service for more time if the mean time to failure (MTTF) is longer and mean time to repair (MTTR) is shorter Availability can be given as : Availability = MTTF/ (MTTF+MTTR) Availability gives the probability that equipment will operate correctly when required ITU objectives for outage: Entire system (< 6 hours outage in 50 years) Subscriber line (< 1 day in 25 years) CSE-342
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ESS (Electronic Switching System)

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Major Components
Line Card

Supports SLIC functions Line Scanner Stores & forwards requests/information from line card to control unit Monitors & controls line cards under supervision of control unit Trunk Card Supports inter exchange signaling & speech Busy tests outgoing trunks Trunk Scanner Stores & forwards requests/information from trunk card to control unit Monitors & controls trunk cards under supervision of control unit

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Major Components
Switching Matrix

Provides dynamic connection service from specific input to specific output on call to call basis
Supervise operation of switching matrix Supervise inter exchange signaling either through trunk cards or using separate signaling channel Supervise signaling between local exchange and subscribers Supports operation and maintenance of complete exchange

Control Unit

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AXE 10 (Automatic Crossbar Exchange-Basic Structure)

APT SWITCH Jn Access

PHONES

OMC APZ IOG Alarms

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AXE 10 (Basic Structure)

Three parts of AXE exchange are

APT (Call switching, subscriber access and trunk access are handled by APT) APZ (It is responsible for control) IOG (Input and output connections to terminals, printers, alarms, storage devices, and data links are all handled by the IOG)

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AXE 10 (Automatic Crossbar Exchange-Basic Structure)

SSS PHONES APT GSS T&SS CCS

APZ RPS

IOG S P S MCS MMC Alarms

CPS

FMS

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AXE 10 (Sub Systems)

APT Subsystems Subscriber Switching Subsystem (SSS) Concentrates customers lines into a number of digital (PCM) links Trunk and Signaling Subsystem (T&SS) T&SS handles the connections to other exchanges Group Switching Subsystem (GSS) GSS is the heart of the switching system and is responsible for connecting and supervising speech paths Common Channel Subsystem (CCS) This subsystem handles the common channel signaling messages between the AXE10 and other exchanges
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AXE 10 (Sub Systems)

APZ Subsystems Regional Processor Subsystem (RPS)

RPS consists of a number of Regional Processors (RPs) These processors perform simple, routine, high capacity tasks, such as scanning of subscribers lines and the operation of switches. The regional processors are usually mounted next to the equipment they are serving and so are spread around the exchange equipment CPS contains two processors (CPs) which carry out all the complex processing needed to control the AXE10 exchange. The duplication of central processors is necessary for system security

Central Processor Subsystem (CPS)

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AXE 10 (Sub Systems)

IOG Subsystems

Support processor Subsystem (SPS) This subsystem supervises the operation of all IOF functions Man-machine Communication Subsystems (MCS) This subsystem handles communications between input/output devices and the rest of the AXE10 exchange. These devices can be visual display terminals, printers, or alarm panels File Management Subsystem (FMS) All mass storage devices (backing stores) are connected via the FMS subsystem. These devices can take the form of tapes, floppy disks and hard disks

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AXE 10 (Software Sub Systems)

Traffic Control Sub Systems (TCS)

controls and supervises the set-up and release of connections Responsible for the task of charging calls by means of very accurate pulse metering techniques system supervision, fault location, collection of statistics and for dealing with the administration's operation and maintenance functions provide a variety of subscriber services e.g. Abbreviated Dialing Three-Party Services (Enquiry, hold and transfer) Diversion (Immediate, On Busy and on no-reply) Malicious Call Trace Call Barring Automatic Alarm Call provide access via the normal input/output devices for the administration to monitor continuously the state of the network

Charging Sub System (CHS)

Operation and Maintenance Sub System (OMS)

Subscriber Services Sub System (SUS)

Network Management Sub System (NMS)

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Call Processing Steps (Local Call)

Line scanner informs control unit about arrival

of call Control unit informs line scanner/ line card to generate suitable signal i.e. dial tone Line card receives and forwards the dialed number to line scanner Line scanner informs control unit Control unit retrieves the dialed number from line scanner and translates it into equipment number along with all routing information
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Call Processing Steps (Local Call)

Based on information obtained control unit checks :-

If the called party is idle If there is any suitable idle inlet to the switching network i.e. from local concentrator to switching matrix If there is any suitable idle outlet from switching network i.e. from switching matrix to local expander If there is suitable path within switching network that can connect the identified inlet and outlet If the four tests identified above are positive then control unit : Informs the terminating line card via line scanner to generate appropriate signals i.e. ringing tone Directs concentrator, switching matrix, expander to establish connection between originating and terminating line card

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Basic Steps to Process a Call

The sequence of processing between subscribers are

described below :
1. 2. 3.

4.
5. 6. 7.

8.
9. 10.

Idle state Call request identification Providing dial tone Address analysis Called line identification Status of called subscriber Ringing Path setup Supervision Clear signal CSE-342
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Signal Exchange Diagram

Signal exchange diagram and state transition diagram can

be used to specify the behavior of different control units in switching centre For local calls the signal exchange diagram is indicated below:

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State Transition Diagram

s.t.d specifies the response of a control unit to any sequence of events

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