Imperialism in India

Yoona Cha, HiJo Byeun, Jinna Park

Resources
Opium
Pepper Cinnamon Indigo Cotton Textile

Mughal Empire
1526 late 17th century/ early 18th century
Developed highly sophisticated mixed Indo-Persian culture

became weak towards the end

British East India Company

joint-stock company formed by the British used a tacit called divide and conquer to conquer India

Objective: make earnings for people through exploitation of natural resources founded in India
Set up trading posts in India

Developed almost complete political & economic control

Monopolized Indian trade Expanded control in India through wars and

Sepoy (Indian) Mutiny

1857-1859
Sepoy: a soldier native to India who is allied to a European power (esp. UK)

rebel against British East India Company for coercion of Christianity and other European customs
Also known as Indias First War of Independence Resulted in direct British control Ended with peace treaty (July 1858)

Battle of Plassey
Victor: British East India Company
Determined company rule in India (established in South Asia over next 90 years)

Queen Victoria
1876 Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India Gave existing Indian royalties extended powers as long as they stayed faithful to the queen Both the direct administration of India by the British crown and the technological change brought by the industrial revolution, had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India and telegraph links equally rapidly established in order that raw materials, such as cotton, from India's hinterland could be transported more efficiently to ports. Likewise, finished goods from England were transported back just as efficiently, for sale in the

Thuggees
A term for people who robbed and murdered travelers on the road

Jawaharlal Nehru
1st Prime Minister or India
Leader of left-winged Indian National Congress Advocated complete independence from the British Empire Recognized as Gandhi's political heir

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

1876-1948
Founder of Pakistan + First Governor-General

leader of Muslim League

Salt March
1930

A campaign proposed by Gandhi

Gandhi sent a letter to Lord Lieutenant, but he did not even reply Did not want to pay taxes placed on salt, thus walked a 200-mile journey from Ashram Ahmedabad to the Arabian to pick up a few grains of salt Gandhi hoped to spread the action to the rest of India
"Ashram in Exodus: prayer, spinning and keeping a diary

Muslim League
Incepted in Dhaka 1906
Muslims represented 40 % of the Indian population Majority of Muslim leaders did not trust Hindu, thus were reluctant to join the Congress Party (Indian National Congress 1885)

Amritsar Massacre
April 13, 1919
Also known as Jallianwala Bagh Massacre British Indian Army under control of Reginald Dyer shot civilians of men, women and children Around 1526 casualties

Indian Nationalism
Movement created by Indians to regain control of their country
Became dissatisfied with restricted grants by the British
Lacked equal job opportunities Could not obtain jobs of high positions in government

More Indians received quality education, thus developing dignity in the Indian heritage

Indian Independence Movement

various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts of both nonviolent and militant philosophy and involved a wide spectrum of political organizations, philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending the British Colonial Authority as well as other colonial administration in South Asia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wikiIndian_independence_movement

First Meeting of Indian National Congress

Incepted in 1885 by middle class Indians
Goals: democracy, equality, self-rule Subdivision of Bengal influenced more radical actions
Ex) Swadeshi movement: the purchase and use of Indian made products and resources and boycott of foreign products

Forerunner of Gandhi, and Indias independence

Republic of India
15 Aug. 1947 Independence Day and Partition of India and Jawaharlal Nehru becomes first Prime Minister of India, Mohammed Ali Jinnah becomes first Governor-General 1947 Due to sectarian violence over 1 million people were killed when 6 million Muslims moved to Pakistan and 5 million Hindus moved to India. Ghandi opposed partition but had to cooperate to achieve Indian independence. 30 Jan. 1948 Ghandi is assassinated by Hindu fundamentalist 1950 India becomes republic based on British model 1956 War between India and Pakistan Pakistan

1966 1971

Indira Ghandi: first woman to become PM. 2nd Indo-Pakistani war leads to 2nd partition: East Pakistan becomes Bangladesh 1974 India builds the atomic bomb 1975-1977 The Emergency due to political unrest (highly controversial) 1984 assassination of Indira Ghandi by Sikh bodyguard Since independence, India has suffered from religious violence, caste-related violence and insurgencies in various parts, but has been able to control them through tolerance and constitutional reforms. Terrorism in India is also a major security problem, especially in Jammu and Kashmir, North-east India and recently in major cities like Delhi and Mumbai, 2001 Indian Parliament attack being the most prominent one. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such as significant overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

1869-1948
Political & spiritual leader of India during British Imperialism

Promoted passive boycotts (nonviolence)

Ex) Spinning wheel

1921, Gained leadership of Indian National Congress

Achieved Swaraj

Swaraj
self-governance
Gandhis concept of Indias independence from foreign domination
"It may be taunted with the retort that this is all Utopian and, therefore not worth a single thought... Let India live for the true picture, though never realizable in its completeness. We must have a proper picture of what we want before we can have something approaching it.
Parel, Anthony. Hind Swaraj and other writings of M. K. Gandhi. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 1997, pp 189.

Consequences
Good:
medical + technology development Extended education (establishment of universities + schools) Terminate problems in Indian culture
Ex) burning alive, child brides, caste system <social ranks>, etc.

Infrastructure
Ex) construction of roads, railroads, telegraph cables, and canals <Industrialization and modern science >

Consequences II
Bad:
Prejudice Coercion of labor

Influence of European customs on religious practices

Hindrance of economic progress, thus still one of the most substandard countries in the world

Bibliography
http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_plassey.html http://murshidabad.gov.in/plassey.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://thenagain.info/webchron/India/IndiaNational.html http://www.mapsofindia.com/amritsar/massacre.html