PROTISTS

characteristics
Unicellular eukaryotic organisms. Over 115,000 species Eukaryotic , contain membrane-bound organelles (particularly mitochondria & chloroplasts) Protists & eukaryotes probably evolved from a large eukaryotic cell ingesting a photosynthetic and oxygen metabolizing bacteria Protists can be grouped into three general categories: animal-like protists, plant-like protists, fungus-like protists
Known as endosymbiotic theory

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Organisms separated based on feeding behaviors

Autotrophs green algae brown algae red algae diatoms dinoflagellates euglenoids Heterotrophs amoeboids ciliates zooflagellates sporozoans plasmodial slime molds cellular slime molds water molds
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Animal-like Protists
Like animals, these protists are heterotrophs that can move made up of cells that contain a nucleus and lack a cell wall Animal-like protists are divided into four groups: sarcodines, ciliates, zooflagellates and sporozoans

Animal-like protists

All heterotrophs classified by the 4 ways they move: 1) Cilia - tiny beating hair-like structures
Coordinated movement between individual cilia 2) Flagellum(a) - whip-like tail(s) Back and forth wave motion
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Trypanosoma brucei

Parasite that Causes Sleeping Sickness Invading Red Blood Cells Carried by bloodsucking files, such as The tsetse fly ( Glossina maritans )

Life cycle african sleeping sickness

Animal-like protists

classified by the 4 ways they move: 3) Pseudopodia - projection of cytoplasm that sticks out like a foot (false foot)

4) Sessile - No locomotion (_________) movement

1. Amoeba just visible to the naked eye

Animal-like protists - Examples

comes from the Greek word amoibe which means change unicellular moves by pseudopodia which give appearance of cell changing size and shape aquatic - lives in ponds, ditches or slowly moving streams can cause disease amoebic dysentery ingests small organisms like bacteria and 9 other protozoans

1. Amoeba feeding sequence

Animal-like protists - Examples

psuedopodia surround and engulf food particle

process called phagocytosis

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Paramecium
Solitary or colonial Uses ciliary beating motion to move around Cilia also used to help feed

Paramecium
Large organisms ~305 micrometers long Important features: Have 2 nuclei Macronucleus (large) Micronucleus (smaller) Feed by forcing H2O into Gullet forming food vacuoles Excrete wastes through anal pore Excrete excess water through use of contractile vacuoles Move by coordinated movement of hair-like cilia.

Paramecium reproduction
Sexual (two Parents) Specialized NeedsSpecialized Function: Two nucleuses (Macronucleus and Micronucleus)

More Paramecium

Sporozoa
Usually parasitic in nature Example is Plasmodia which causes malaria.
One of the most deadly diseases to man Malaria is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito.

Lifecycle of Plasmodia

Phylum Sarcodina
Protists with false feet

Use extensions of cytoplasm to move and feed. Extensions are called pseudopods (false feet)
Movement is by extending pseudopod, then the remainder of cytoplasm flows into extension. Feeding is done by extending 2 pseudopods around object and engulfing object, forming a food vacuole

Examples are amoebas (amebas)

Amoebas

More amoebas

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Have chlorophyll Make their own food They can live in 4 main environments: soil freshwater tree bark salt water they produce large amounts of oxygen which are used by other living organisms they are grouped according to color & stucture into 5 main groups: 2) diatoms 3) dinoflagelletes 1) euglena

4) red dinoflagellates

5) algae

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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd they are grouped according to color & stucture A) Euglena D) Red Dinoflagellates

B) Diatom
E) Green Algae

C) Dinoflagellates

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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

A) Euglenaone celled alga that moves with one flagellum lives in fresh water

reproduces asexually
red eyespot near front end to find lightWhy? have chlorophyll and can make their own food ( autotroph)
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

A) Euglena Continued-

contains disk-shaped chloroplasts

organelle is the site of photosynthesis and gets its name from the presence of the green pigments (the chlorophylls) 23

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd B) Diatom beautiful one celled protists come in many shapes EX: boats, rods, disks, triangles important food source for water dwelling animals cell covering is made up of 2 overlapping parts Think of a box with a lid

made of the same material as glass cell coverings do not decay (when dead) used for toothpaste, scouring powders, & filters 24

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

C) Dinoflagellates
Algae that is usually found in oceans

Usually brown or red in color

Have hidden chlorophyll due to dark pigments

Move by two flagella

Read & Highlight hand-out on Dinoflagellates
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Plant-like Protists
5 phyla of plant-like protists Are usually photosynthetic, and also heterotrophic. All are unicellular, most are motile Example: Phylum Euglenophyta

Euglenophyta
Example is euglena. Has a flagellum, is motile Is both heterotrophic & autotrophic Contains chloroplasts & is photosynthetic. Can become heterotrophic in lowlight conditions

Euglena

Dinoflagellates
Have 2 flagella for motility Often have a cellulose covering

 Most abundant form of marine algae. Form elaborate silicon (glass) shells to protect themselves Shell is porous to allow materials in/out of the cell.

Diatoms

Multicellular / Other Algae

Are not generally true multicellular organisms, but rather "colonies" Show beginnings of specialized functions / tissues 3 types
Green algae Red Algae Brown algae

Green algae (Chlorophyta)

Green algae (Chlorophyta) Contain chlorophyl a & b Most frequently found in fresh water Often colonial
Volvox: a green colonial algae

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)

Red Algae (Rhodophyta)
Found in salt/brackish water Have additional pigments which give them a reddish color. In uncontrolled blooms, these organisms can cause serious ecological damage

Red algeal bloom

Brown Algae (Rhodophyta)

Brown Algae (Rhodophyta)
Most Plant-like of all algae. Include kelps Can grow to huge sizes (100') Most primitive plant like organism to show alternation of generations.

Giant Kelp Forest

Fungus like Protists:

Fungus like Protists:
Act as decomposers Often have a slimy appearance/texture, hence their name. 3 types:
Plasmodial slime molds Cellular slime molds Water molds

Plasmodial Slime Molds

Plasmodial Slime Molds
Can grow very large, however, is still a single cell (with many nuclei) Feeding stage is called a plasmodium. Forms fruiting bodies under stress.

Slime Molds
Slime molds can be rather large and colorful.

Cellular Slime Molds:

Cellular Slime Molds: Exists a majority of its life cycle as an amoeba In times of stress these amoebas unite to form a Pseudoplasmodium, which crawls to another location (slug form), and forms a fruiting body

Water molds:
Water molds:
Completely aquatic Often decomposers Sometimes parasitic

Water mold attacking a fish

 Red Tide Kills Fish

Absorbed red dinoflagellates After encountering and absorbing a red tide..a stingray becomes disoriented. They have the appearance of not being able to see or control what they are doing. Eventually the ray will stay at the surface lying horizontally and die. 40