Plant like Protists

Autotrophic (all have chlorophyll a) Have cell wall Alga are divided by pigments, cell wall types, and food storage compounds
FYI
Thallus - body portion of an algae Blue green algae are not protists at all-- they are Cyanobacteria, a moneran (lab) Watch the green algae, because of their similarities with them, they are probably the ancestors of modern plants

Algae

IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ALGAE

CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE
SEVEN PHYLUM BASED ON
COLOR TYPE OF CHLOROPHYLL FOOD-STORAGE SUBSTANCE CELL WALL COMPOSITION

Plantlike Protists
Algae

Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) Navicula Actinopoda Radiolarian Dinomastigota Gonyaulax Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Chondrus Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) Laminaria Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Ulva Gamophyta (Conjugating Green Algae) Spirogyra

General Structures

Algae

Structure
Single cell (unicellular) Colonial (filaments) Multicellular (Thallus)

Do Not form tissues Contain Chloroplasts May contain pyrenoids

starch storage areas on chloroplast

General Structures
Cell walls of cellulose
exception..diatoms and Actipodans

Algae

have silica walls

motile algae have flagella multicellular algae may reproduce sexually

produce gametes
Asexual reproduction by

fission spores (zoospores)

REPRODUCTION
MOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY Most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental stress Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis

Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis Zoospores Plus and minus gametes Zygospore

 Oedogonium reproduction

Reproduction in Multicellular Algae

oogoni um

Antheridium-release flagellated sperm that swim to the oogonium Oogonium-houses the zygote which is a diploid spore
The spore undergoes meiosis and produces 4 haploid zoospores. One of the four cells becomes a rootlike holdfast the others divide and become a new filament.

Algae: Plant-like Protists

Unicellular
Phylum Euglenophyta
Euglena

Multicellular
Phylum Rhodophyta
red algae red seaweed.

Phylum Chyrsophyta (Bacillariophyta)

golden algae diatoms

Phylum Phaeophyta
brown algae kelp

Phylum Pyrrophyta
fire algae Dinoflagellates

Phylum Chlorophyta
green algae Volvox

Phylum Chlorophyta
Green algae 7000 diverse species Biologist reason that green algae give rise to land plants. Both green algae and land plants have chlorophyll a and B as well as carotenoids and store food as starch Both have walls made of cellulose

Chlorophyta
Green Algae Are photosynthesizing autotrophs
contain Chlorophyll

Algae

Aquatic, marine, terrestrial Unicellular Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Desmids Multicellular filament Oedogonium Colonial sphere Volvox

Reproductive Strategies

Green Algae

Fragmentation
asexual individual filament breaks into pieces each piece develops into a new filament

Alternation of Generations
alternate between haploid and diploid generations

Reproductive Strategies

Green Algae

Alternation of Generations

Gametophyte generation = haploid

Produces gametes
N = N =2N

N chromosome number
(haploid + haploid = diploid)

Sporophyte generation = diploid

undergoes meiosis produces Spores with N chromosome number

Chlorophyta green algae

Pigments (like plants)
chl a,b carotenoids

Cell wall = cellulose (like plants) Storage = starch (like plants)

Ancestors of plants Can be unicellular, filimentous, colonial, and multicellular Motile - uni and colonial Habitat fresh water

Algae Structure
Unicellular
single cell phytoplankton

Filamentous
the cells divide but do not separate causing long strands cells do not differentiate

Colonial
groups of cells acting in a coordinated manner

Multicellular
Some differentiation

Green algae
Sea lettuce (Ulva) lives in salt waters along the coast. Structure of green algae: from Single cells (Micrasterias) Filaments

Colonies (Volvox)
Thalli (leaf-like shape)

Example 1 of Chlorophyta green algae

Chlamydomonos
- Unicellular
- Motile, Flagellated

Example #2 of Chlorophyta green algae

Spirogyra Filimentous - the cells divide but do not separate causing long strands -cells do not differentiate

Example #3 of Chlorophyta green algae

Volvox , Pandorina Colonial: Cells have different roles

flagellated cells photosynthetic gametocytes

Cells not trully differentiated

Example #4 of Chlorophyta green algae

Ulva (sea lettuce) Multicellular Reproduces by alternation of generations

Phylum Phaeophyta
1500 species of Brown algae Mostly marine and include seaweed and kelp All are multicellular and large (often reaching lengths of 147 feet) Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe and blade Used in cosmetics and most ice creams

Phaeophyta
Brown Algae All Autotrophic Most diverse phylum 1500 species

Algae

Unicellular and multicellular Sargassum nitans Kelp structure is a thallus Thallus: an algae body, no roots, stems, leaves is divided into: Holdfast, Stipe, Blade Rockweed Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Fucus

Contain Chlorophyll and Fucoxanthin

Phaeophyta brown algae

Pigments
chl a,c carotenoids Fucoxanthin

Phaeophytabrown algae
Examples
kelp
parts of kelp
holdfast, stipe, blade, bladder

blade

temperate seaweed

All multicellular
habitat salt water nonmotile*

bladder stipe holdfast

Phylum Rhodophyta
4000 species of RED Algae Most are marine Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters. Contain chlorophyll a and C as well as phycobilins which are important in absorbing light that can penetrate deep into the water Have cells coated in carageenan which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and some cheeses

Rhodophyta
Red Algae Red Seaweeds All Autotrophic All multicellular All marine Attach to rocks by Holdfast cell Contain Phycobilins

Algae

absorb green, violet and blue light allows photosynthesis at depths below 100m

Rhodophyta red algae

pigments
chl a carotenoids Phycoblins

cell wall
CaCO3

Rhodophyta red algae

examples
tropical red seaweed

multicellular

habitat salt water nonmotile

agar

Phylum Euglenophyta
1000 species of Euglenoids Have both plantlike and animal-like characteristics Fresh water

Euglenophyta
Pigment
chl a chl b carotenoids

Cell Wall
protein pellicle

Food Storage
polysaccharide

Examples:

Euglena, Astasia (can lose its chloroplasts and become heterotrophic)

Euglenophyta

all unicellular
motile: flagella Habitat

fresh water

eyespot

Other Phylum Representatives

Diatoms used in detergents, paint removers, toothpaste

Dinoflagellates red tides Golden algae

Important in the formation of petroleum products

Pyrrophyta fire algae dinoflagellata

pigments

chl a,c carotenoids peridinum cellulose

cell wall
starch

food storage

Pyrrophyta fire algae

Examples: dinoflagellates unicellular

habitat fresh/salt motile: biflagellates

Pyrrophyta Dinoflagellates red tide

cause red tide often phosphorescent Algal bloom Toxins

Chrysophyta golden algae

Pigment
chl a,b carotenoids fucoxanthin

cell wall
silica cell wall

food storage
oil

Chrysophyta golden algae

Example: diatoms Unicellular (some colonial) motile : raphe
habitat salt/fresh water

FORM:
Diatomaceous Earth Petroleum Deposits

reproduction
asexual sexual

 Diatoms: Division Bacillariophyta Large group of algae (many unidentified). Relatively recently evolved group Habitat: Diatoms live in cool oceans Structure: mostly unicellular, have silica in their cell walls

1. Diatoms

Diatoms
Very important for aquatic food chains: they provide phytoplankton sun
Phytoplankton Zooplankton small fish larger fish mollusks whales

Can reproduce asexually for many generations, then sexually

Algae
Diatoms
Unicellular aquatic & marine species
Shells made of silica Each species has unique shaped shells

microscopic pillboxes
Classified by body shape

Radially symmetrical Bilaterally symmetrical

Algae
Diatoms
Are photosynthesizing autotrophs Contain chlorophyll Also contain caroteniod pigment: fucoxanthin

Have golden color

Carotenoid masks the chlorophyll

Food stored as oil, not starch Shell deposits mined

abrasives, filtration material, paint reflectorizor

Diatom Reproduction

Algae

Asexual Reproduction
Through the process of fission, each half of the box forms a new half to fit inside itself. Therefore... Half the offspring are smaller than the parents. When the diatom generation is 1/4 the original size, sexual reproduction takes place.

Diatom Reproduction

Algae

Sexual Reproduction
Gametes (isogametes) are produced Gametes fuse with a gamete from another diatom to form a zygote The zygote develops into a full sized diatom The diatom begins reproducing asexually

Economic Value

Algae

An essential source of food and O2

Make up major part of Phytoplankton
food for marine animals

Supply O2 for atmosphere Symbiotic relationships with Plants, Animals and Fungi