Computer Systems & Programming I

Comp-611

Department of Computer Studies

UNIVERSITY OF YANGON

Introduction to Computer

Introduction to Computer

1.1 What is a computer?

3 points of view 1. functional point of view - information processing system capable of storing and manipulating numbers, words and pictures 2. organizational point of view - consists of hardware and software 3. user point of view - a teaching machine, a source of reference materials
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To summarize the three points of view - collection of hardware and software for (a) data processing

(b) information processing

(c) knowledge processing

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Introduction to Computer

The hardware is visible and tangible.

The software is the soul of the machine.

A computer without software is like a

car without gasoline, a camera without film, a stereo without records.

Introduction to Computer

Hardware
- physical part of the system

such as the system unit, video monitor,

printer, keyboard, mouse, scanner and other

peripheral devices.

Software
the name given to any kind of program which tells the hardware what to do.
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1.2 History of Computing

The Abacus and Personal Computer are two such devices separated by thousands of years of history.

Introduction to Computer

I. Early Calculating Devices

- Abacus - Napier's Bones 5000 BC to - Oughtrad's Slide Rule - Pascal's Calculator

1936 AD

- Jacquard's Loom
- Babbage's Difference Engine

- Babbage's Analytical Engine

- Herman Hollerith-Punched Cards
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II. Middle Computer

- Mark I Computer 1937 to - ABC - ENIAC

1946

- Stored Program Concept

- EDVAC

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III. Modern Age Computers

- 1st Generation Computer
1948 to Date - 2nd Generation Computer

- 3rd Generation Computer

- 4th Generation Computer

- 5th Generation Computer

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(1) Early Calculating Devices

The Abacus (5000 BC)
used for counting and computations consists of a frame with some bars fixed across it had some beads which could be moved along each bar represented a position in the number system

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Napiers Bones
John Napier, a Scottish Mathematician invented a tool which helped him in doing the tedious calculations involved in Astronomy. used 10 strips of bones called Napiers Bones and divided each into 9 squares. each square was divided into 2 parts. The lower half indicated units and the upper half indicated totens. Introduction Computer 13

Oughtrad's Slide Rule

Napier also developed the method of

logarithm
multiplication and division can be done by adding and subtracting

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Pascals Calculator (1642)

great French Mathematician and Philosopher Blaise Pascal devised a calculating machine. consists of gears, wheels and dials.

had 10 segments like that of house energy meters.

When one wheel completed a rotation,the next wheel moved by one segment.
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Jacquards Loom (1801)

A French weaver, Joseph Jacquard used punched cards (Jacquards Loom) to determine the threads to be selected in weaving patterns automatically. A hole in the card permitted a hooked wire containing a thread.

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Babbages Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine

supposed to be a general purpose computer that could add, subtract, multiply, and divide in automatic sequence at a rate of 60 additions per

second.
design would cover the area of a football field

and be powered by a locomotive engine.

used punched cards to enter data
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Herman Holleriths Tabulating Machine (1890)

Dr Herman Hollerith, the next contributor to development of computer.
used punched cards to store and tabulate census information. could sense the punched holes, regonise the number, and make the required calculations.
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(2) Middle Age Computers

IBM Mark I
In 1937, Harvard professor Howard Aiken set out to build an automatic calculating machine to combine electrical and mechanical technology with Hollerith's punched card techniques.
In 1944, was completed.

Internal operations were controlled automatically with electromagnetic relays, arithmetic counters were mechanical computer.
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ABC (Atanassoff-Berry-Computer)
During 1937-1938, John Vincent Atanassoff began to build the first electronic computer. call it ABC. used vacuum tubes for storage and arithmetic logic functions. designed for the special simultaneous equations.
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purpose

of

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ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator)

In 1940 and 1941, Mauchly teamed up with J. Presparo Eckert, Jr. ENIAC was the first electronic generalpurpose computer to be put into full operation vacuum tubes were used in ENIAC.

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Stored Program Concept

In the mid 1940, H.Goldshine, A.W Burks and

John Von Newmann wrote a paper suggesting.

Binary numbering systems can be used

Computer instructions as well as the data being

manipulated could be stored internally in the machine.

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EDVAC
Mauchly, Eckert and others at the Moore school set out to build a machine with stored program capability

called EDVAC
carries the distinction of being the first stored program electronic computer
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(3) Modern Age Computers

First Generation Computers used vacuum tubes fragile, overheating breakdowns and frequent

machine language were used

e.g. ENIAC
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Second Generation Computers

used transistors instead of tubes

smaller, faster

and

more

reliable

and

produced far less heat

much

smaller

device

based

on

semiconductor.

e.g. IBM 1401, LEO III, UNIVAC and

ANLAS
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Third Generation Computers

development of integrated circuit (IC)

technology in the mid-1960 DRAM were used for primary storage. e.g. ICL 1900 series, IBM 360 series

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Fourth Generation Computers

large scale integration (LSI) of circuits
more powerful, reliable and compact computer e.g. Silo Z80, Inter 8086, 8088, 80286, ....
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Fifth Generation Computers

based on artificial intelligence parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality

goal is to develop devices that respond to natural

language input and are capable of learning and

self-organization.
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1.3 Classification of Computers

classified by CPU sizes number of on line terminals maximum disk storage capacity and all other available I/O devices

categories: 1. Microcomputers 2. Minicomputers 3. Mainframes 4. Supercomputers

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(1) Microcomputers
personal computers

contains a microprocessor
designed for individual personal use non-portable and portable computers Portable computers- laptop, notebook, sub notebook and pen based
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(2) Minicomputers
task-oriented computers

more powerful than microcomputers

many operators can use a minicomputer

simultaneously
most powerful minicomputers are called super

minicomputers
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(3) Mainframe Computers

large computer systems

can handle hundreds of users

store large amount of data process transactions at a high speed

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(4) Supercomputers
largest, most expensive real-time computer systems carry out 50 to 100 million instructions per second

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1.4 Structure of a Digital Computer

CPU

INPUT DEVICE

ALU

CU

OUTPUT DEVICE

IMMEDIATE ACCESS STORE

BACKING STORAGE
Introduction to Block Diagram ofComputer a Digital Computer40

a) Input Devices
read the necessary data into the machine

cannot understands
to translate all data into electronic pulses keyboards, mouse, scanner, punched-card, magnetic tape readers etc.

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b) Central Processing Unit

main part of a computer

all processing is carried out

controls the activities of the whole computer

configuration
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit 2. Control Unit 3. Memory
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Functions of a CPU 1. to store data as well as instructions 2. to control the sequence of operations 3. to issue commands to all parts of computer system 4. to carry out data processing and to send results to output
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1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

operates on the data available in the main memory and send them back after processing, once again to memory.

Functions of the ALU -

1. to carry out arithmetic operations like additions, subtraction, multiplication and division.
2. to performs certain logical actions based on AND and OR functions.
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2. Control Unit
directs all operations inside the computer

heart of the computer because it controls and

coordinates all hardware operations

i.e. hose of the CPU and input output devices

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Main functions 1. to transfer data from the input device to the

memory to the Arithmetic logic unit

2. to transfer the results from memory to the output

device for printing

3. to stores the program in the memory, takes

instructions one by one, understands them and

issues appropriate commands to the other units
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3. Memory
computer's main memory or primary memory able to store information, which can be recalled or accessed when required Main high speed memory is limited in size and very costly to buy; as such, only limited memory is provided. Rest of the programs and data are kept in secondary storage devices also known as backing storage devices.
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Main functions 1. Instructions waiting to be obeyed by other

components of the CPU.

2. Instructions currently being obeyed.

3. Data awaiting processing.

4. Data currently being processed. 5. Processed data awaiting output.
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c) Output Devices
Results of any computer processing has to be communicated to the user. translate the computer output into a form CRT displays, printers, card-readers etc.

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The five basic units of a computer

Unit
Input

Function
Reads information from input device and feeds to the computer in coded form. Stores program instructions and data.

Storage Unit

Arithmetic & Performs arithmetic and logic Logic Unit operations. Control Unit Interprets program instructions and initiates control operations. Output Unit Decodes information and presents it to the user.
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5.

Software
a set of instructions written in various computer languages

Two main types (1) System software

(2) Application software

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(1) System Software

consists of programs that are used to control

and operate the computer hardware.

three components: the operating system,

utility programs and language processors.

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 The operating system

how to perform functions such as how to load, store and execute programs how to manage resources available (CPU time).

Utility program
are not available in application software, such as formatting a diskette and creating a directory.
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(2) Application Software

consists of programs created to perform a

specific user's task.

allows a user to prepare a document, design a

financial worksheet or create a useful database.

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