EDUCATIONAL MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION

MEASUREMENT
EVALUATION

ASSESSMENT

MEASUREMENT An evaluation expressed in quantitative terms. It is the numeric description of an event or characteristics. It tells how much, how often, or how well by providing scores, ranks or rating.

MEASUREMENT

The purpose of which is to enable comparisons, assessments, judgments, and evaluation through various mathematical computations and manipulations.

EVALUATION

A disciplined inquiry to determine the worth or merit of things, where things may include programs, products, procedures or objects.

EVALUATION

In the educational setting, evaluation is defined as decision making about students performance and about appropriate teaching strategies.

ASSESSMENT
It is a general term that is used to encompass everything a teacher does to ascertain the level at which students have mastered the subject matter, can perform certain tasks, or exhibit certain behaviors.

ASSESSMENT

It includes the collection, analysis, and interpretation of various kinds of information useful for educational decisions.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

for the sake of knowledge, we must measure what is measurable and make measurable what is not measurable - Galileo

Early Antecedents Modern Foundations The Great Schools The Great Schools Influence Contemporary Explorations

Early Antecedents
Royal Egyptian Cubit used for physical measurement. Keju System oral/written examination given every three years to help determine work evaluations and promotion decisions. Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E - 220 C.E) Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644 C.E)

Han Dynasty
Test batteries the use two or more tests in conjunction. Test content: civil law military affairs agriculture revenue geography

Ming Dynasty
National Multistage Testing Program: flow of testing: local > provincial > regional > national type of test: essays Only those who passed the final set of tests were eligible for public office.

Modern Foundations
Individual Differences: No two people are exactly alike in ability and typical behavior. Tests are specifically designed to measure these individual differences in ability and personality among people.

Modern Foundations
Jean Martin Charcot Influenced Freud and Binet Charles Darwin Influenced Galton Sir Francis Galton Influenced by: Darwin, LaPlace, and Gauss Influenced Cattell, Pearson, Terman and Spearman

The Great Schools

Hermann Ebbinghaus develop the first scientific approach in studying memory. Wilhelm Wundt Father of Experimental Psychology and Founder of Modern Psychology James McKeen Cattell Clark Wissler

James McKeen Cattell

Psychometric Investigation co-editor of The Psychological Review (1894-1903), editor and publisher of the Journal of Science (1894-1944 ) founder of the Psychological Corporation (1921), and founder of the Science Press (1923)

James McKeen Cattell

Involvement in the American Psychological Association, the American Association of University Professors, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Clark Wissler

Applied correlation factor to empirically disprove Cattell's method of intelligence testing

Cattells intelligence test

to measure the mental ability of students by measuring their reaction time, movement time, and other simple mental and sensory processes

The Great Schools Influence

Alfred Binet William Stern Theodore Simon Lewis Madison Terman Florence Goodenough Henry Herbert Goddard

The Great School Influence

Edward Thorndike Walter V. Bingham Robert Mearns Yerkes Charles Spearman Karl Pearson

Alfred Binet Binet-Simon Scale The scale consisted of 30 task of increasing complexity. Some of the simplest test items assessed whether or not a child could follow a lighted match with his eyes or shake hands with the examiner.

Alfred Binet

Slightly harder tasks required children to point to various named body parts, repeat back a series of 3 digits, repeat simple sentences, and to define words like house, fork or mama.

Alfred Binet

More difficult test items required children to state the difference between pairs of things, reproduce drawings from memory or to construct sentences from three given words such as "Paris, river and fortune."

Alfred Binet
The hardest test items included asking children to repeat back 7 random digits, find three rhymes for the French word obisance and to answer questions such as "My neighbor has been receiving strange visitors. He has received in turn a doctor, a lawyer, and then a priest. What is taking place?"

William Stern
Stern looked at individual test scores as particular "mental ages" which could then be compared to actual "chronological ages" to determine a degree of advancement. He took the mental age and divided it by the chronological age, and named this ratio the intelligence quotient.

Lewis Madison Terman

Terman published a revised and perfected Binet-Simon scale for American populations. This "Stanford Revision of the BinetSimon Scale," soon became known as the "Stanford-Binet", and was by far the best available individual intelligence test.

Lewis Madison Terman

The new Stanford-Binet scale, would allow for the scientific diagnosis and classification of children to be placed in special classes; bring tens of thousands of high-grade defectives under the surveillance and protection of society;

Lewis Madison Terman

reduce delinquency; help the schools respond to children of superior intelligence; assist in assigning children to school grades; help determine vocational fitness; and serve as a standard for research.

Lewis Madison Terman

IQ = Mental Age / Chronological Age X 100

Florence Goodenough Measurement of Intelligence by Drawing (1926). - Draw-a-Man Test (1926) - Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test * new standards * new scoring procedures * Draw-a-Woman Test

Henry Herbert Goddard

Translated the Binet-Simon intelligence scale into English (1908) Distributed 22,000 copies of the translated Binet scale and 88,000 answer blanks across the United States (1908-1915)

Henry Herbert Goddard

Established the first laboratory for the psychological study of mentally retarded persons (1910) Helped to draft the first American law mandating special education (1911)

Edward L. Thorndike

During the 1920's he developed a test of intelligence that consisted of completion, arithmetic, vocabulary, and directions test, known as the CAVD.

Walter V. Bingham
Helped developed the Army Alpha Beta Test. It is a group intelligence tests that could identify recruits with low intelligence and allow the Army to recognize men who were particularly well-suited for special assignments and officers' training schools.

Charles Spearman

First systematic psychometrician and father of classical test theory Pioneer of the statistical technique called factor analysis Discovered a general factor (g) in correlations among mental tests

Karl Pearson

Laid the foundation for the th Century Statistics: 20 * correlation * regression analysis * standard deviation * bi-serial r

Karl Pearson

* chi-square * coefficient of variation * kurtosis * normal curve * scedasticity

Contemporary Explorations

L.L. Thurstone Anne Anastasi David Wechsler Cyril Burt

L.L. Thurstone

Developed Multiple Factor Analysis

Anne Anastasi

Known as the "test guru" Extensive examination of issues related to test construction, test misuse, misinterpretation and cultural bias

Anne Anastasi

Role of tests: They permit a direct assessment of prerequisite intellectual skills demanded by many important tasks in our culture.

Anne Anastasi

They assess availability of a relevant store of knowledge or content also prerequisite for many educational and occupational tasks.

Anne Anastasi

They provide an indirect index of the extent to which the individual has developed effective learning strategies, problem-solving techniques and work habits and utilized them in the past.

David Wechsler
Developed several assessments, including two widely-used intelligence scales: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC, 1949; WISC-IV, 2003) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS, 1955; WAIS-III, 1997) Established the use of the deviation IQ, or DQ (1939)

David Wechsler
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for ChildrenFourth Edition (WISC-IV) was published in 2003. It has been normed for use with children aged six through sixteen years and eleven months. It yields a full-scale IQ score and four index scores:

David Wechsler
Verbal Comprehension (e.g. similarities, vocabulary and comprehension activities), Perceptual Reasoning (e.g. matrix reasoning, block design and picture concepts). Working Memory (e.g. letter-number sequencing and digit-span) and Processing Speed (e.g. symbol search and coding).

David Wechsler

Deviation IQ A technical innovation that replaced the use of mental ages in computing IQ scores. This greatly improved the utility of normative comparisons when intelligence tests are used with adult examinees.

David Wechsler
Other works: Wechsler Memory Scale--Third edition- (WMS---III)(Wechsler, 1945/1997) Wechsler Primary and Preschool Scale of Intelligence --Third edition (WPPSI-III) (Wechsler, 1967/2002).

David Wechsler

Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI)(Wechsler, 1999) Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability (WNV) (Naglieri & Wechsler, 2006)

Cyril Burt

Helped to establish the Eleven-Plus testing program in Great Britain

Kaplan, R.M. (2005). Psychological Testing: Principles, Applications, and Issues. Thompson:U.S.A. Plucker, J. A. (Ed.). (2003). Human intelligence: Historical influences, current controversies, teaching resources. Retrieved [May, 2009], from http://www.indiana.edu/~intell Woolfolk, A. E. (1998). Educational Psychology. Allyn and Bacon:MA.