Dave Hawker

DATALOG
Hydrocarbon Evaluation
and Interpretation
Gas Normalization
Porosity, saturation, permeability
hole depth and diameter
penetration rate
bit type
flowrate
differential pressure
mud type and rheology
fluid movements
pressure and temperature change
trap efficiency and losses
Gas Normalization
Normalize the geometric factors so
that they can be eliminated as
variables
Cannot normalize Total Gas values
since they are qualitative, not an
absolute measurement
Chromatographic components are
totaled to give a Total
Chromatograph Gas value
Gas Normalization
Can only normalize the gas
measurement that we have; cannot
account for: -
losses of gas to atmosphere
gas retained by cuttings
phase and solubility changes
fluid movements in terms of flushing
and incursions
Normalization Formula
( )
( )
d
c
b a
N
|
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
-

=
t
t
100
2
2000
N = normalized gas (%)
a = pump output (m3/min)
b = ROP (min/m)
c = hole diameter (mm)
d = total chromatograph gas (%)
Comparing Adjacent Shows
0 min/m 15 0.1 Gas 100
10%
3 min/m
1 min/m
20%
10 min/m
BG 1%
Possible Causes of Difference
Lower porosity and bulk volume of gas
Lower gas saturation
Reduced permeability
Increased permeability resulting in flushing
Different gas composition
Porosity
Permeability
(increase or
decrease)
Composition
Saturation
3 min/m
10%
1 min/m 20%
12 1/4 hole
Flow 2m
3
/min
8 1/2 hole
1.4 m
3
/min
Shale Background 1%, 10min/m
Rule of Thumb vs Normalization
Sand 1 ~ 3 times
better than shale

Sand 2 ~ 2 times
better than shale


Sand 1 normalized
24.8% / BG 0.84%

Sand 2 normalized
18.0% / BG 1.22%
Shows in different wells/hole sections
Flowrate m3/min Normalized Gas %
ROP min/m Total Chromatograph %
0 3
12
8
Ratio Analysis
Comparison of chromatographic values for
individual hydrocarbon components

reservoir fluid type
gas/oil/water contacts
oil gravity
production potential; wet zones/permeability
Pixler Ratio Plot
Comparison of the methane content to each
other alkane
Only the value of the gas show above the
background level is used
eliminates variables since they affect both
only information concerning the relative
production potential is used
Pixler Ratio Plot Information
Reservoir Fluid
Oil Gravity and Gas Wetness
Production Potential
Permeability
Presence of Formation Water
Ratio Plot
NON-PRODUCTIVE GAS
PRODUCTIVE GAS
PRODUCTIVE OIL
NON-PRODUCTIVE RESIDUAL OIL
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4 C1/C5
1
10
1000
100
Ratio Plot Zones
Determined from the comparison of gas
ratio data to production and test results

Can be used as a guide or reference

Regional calibration will improve the
effectiveness of the ratio plot
C1/C2 Ratio
<2 very low gravity, high density and
viscosity, non-productive, residual oil
2 - 4 low gravity oil, 10-15 API
4 - 8 medium gravity oil, 15-35 API
8 - 15 high gravity oil, API >35
10 - 20 gas condensate
15 - 65 gas
> 65 light gas, principally methane,
non-productive
Slope of the Curve
A fully positive slope confirms productive
hydrocarbons
A negative slope indicates a water bearing zone
Gradient similar to the zone lines indicates good
permeability
The steeper the slope, the tighter the formation
if C1/C2 is low in the oil section, with C1/C4 high
in the gas section, zone is probably non-productive
Evaluation of Oil Bearing Zones
GAS
OIL
NON-PRODUCTIVE
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4 C1/C5
1
10
100
1000
NON-PRODUCTIVE
Medium-High
API
Good
Permeability
hi
med
lo
API
Evaluation of Oil Bearing Zones
GAS
OIL
NON-PRODUCTIVE
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4 C1/C5
1
10
100
1000
NON-PRODUCTIVE
Medium-High
API
Tight
hi
med
lo
Evaluation of Oil Bearing Zones
GAS
OIL
NON-PRODUCTIVE
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4 C1/C5
1
10
100
1000
NON-PRODUCTIVE
Medium-Low
API
Fair-Good
Permeability
hi
med
lo
Evaluation of Oil Bearing Zones
GAS
OIL
NON-PRODUCTIVE
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4 C1/C5
1
10
100
1000
NON-PRODUCTIVE
Medium-Low
API
Water Bearing
hi
med
lo
Permeability?
Evaluation of Oil Bearing Zones
GAS
OIL
NON-PRODUCTIVE
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4 C1/C5
1
10
100
1000
NON-PRODUCTIVE
Very low API
non-productive?
Water Bearing
hi
med
lo
Evaluation of Gas Bearing Zones
GAS
OIL
NON-PRODUCTIVE
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4 C1/C5
1
10
100
1000
NON-PRODUCTIVE
1
3
2
4
1. Methane
Tight, non-productive
2. Productive Gas
Good Permeability
3. Productive Gas
Tight
4. Light Gas
Permeability?
Water Bearing
Condensates ?
Indicated by C1/C2 between 10 and 20
10 - 15 also indicates high gravity oil
15 - 20 also indicates gas
20

15

10
Hi API Oil
Gas
Condensate
Condensates ?

Gas, typically yields a more definitive
C1/C2 ratio
Complication with light oils having high
Gas Oil Ratio
Prediction of Gas Condensate
GAS
OIL
NON-PRODUCTIVE
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4 C1/C5
1
10
100
1000
NON-PRODUCTIVE
Plots follow a similar
gradient to the upper gas
limit
C1/C2 ratio suggests a
higher proportion of
heavier hydrocarbons
Wet Gas or
Condensate ?
Prediction of Gas Condensate
GAS
OIL
NON-PRODUCTIVE
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4 C1/C5
1
10
100
1000
NON-PRODUCTIVE
Light Oil, reduced
permeability
Light Oil with high
GOR
Condensate
Correlation with Fluorescence
C1/C2 Ratio API Gravity Fluid Type Natural
Colour
Colour of
Fluorescence
2 4 10 15 Low Gravity Oil Dark brown to
black
Orange to brown
4 8 15 35 Medium Gravity
Oil
Light to medium
brown
Cream to yellow
green, gold
8 15 > 35 High Gravity Oil Clear White to bluish
white to blue
10 20 ~ 50 Gas Condensate Gasoline Violet if visible
Ratio Plot Summary
C1/C2 C1/C3 C1/C4 C1/C5
1
10
100
1000
hi
med
lo
API
Dry gas
Wet Gas
Non-productive gas
Geopressure methane
Heavy, viscous, non-productive
Residual oil, tars, waxes
Gas Condensate
Drawbacks to the Gas Ratio Plot
Difficult to determine condensate reservoirs
Optimally, requires regional re-calibration
Limited number of plots for each potential
zone
Plots are offline, so that information is apart
from the mud log
Wetness, Balance and Character Ratios
Calculated real-time for immediate
evaluation and recognition of reservoir
changes and contacts
Plotted on a depth-based log for comparison
with other mud logging and wireline data
for effective reservoir evaluation
Wetness Ratio
Increasing trend as proportion of heavy gas
increases, i.e. as gas or oil density increases

Determination of gas wetness and oil
density
100
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2

|
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
+ + +
=
C C C C C
C C C C
Wh
Wetness Ratio
<0.5 non-productive dry gas;
non-associated or
geopressured methane
0.5 - 17.5 gas, increasing in wetness
17.5 - 40 oil, increasing in density
(decreasing gravity)
>40 non-productive oil, very
low gravity, residual
Wetness Ratio
1 10 100
NON-PRODUCTIVE, RESIDUAL
OIL
POTENTIAL OIL PRODUCTION
POTENTIAL
GAS PRODUCTION
NON-PRODUCTIVE
DRY GAS
Increasing density or wetness
Increasing density
Balance Ratio
Compares light to heavy gases
Responds inversely to Wh as fluid density
increases
Used in conjunction with Wh for
interpretation
5 4 3
2 1
C C C
C C
Bh
+ +
+
=
Interpretation of Wetness and Balance
Balance Ratio Wetness Ratio Reservoir Fluid and Production Potential
> 100 Very light, dry gas
Typically non-associated and non-productive such as
the occurrence of geopressured methane
< 100 < 0.5 Possible production of light, dry gas
Wh < Bh < 100 0.5 17.5 Productive gas, increasing in wetness as the curves
converge
< Wh 0.5 17.5 Productive, very wet gas or condensate or high gravity
oil with high GOR
< Wh 17.5 40 Productive oil with decreasing gravity as the curves
diverge
<< Wh 17.5 40 Lower production potential of low gravity, low gas
saturation oil
> 40 non productive, very low gravity, residual oil
Wetness and Balance Curves
0.1 0.5 1.0 10 17.5 40 100
NON-PRODUCTIVE GAS
POSSIBLE PRODUCTIVE GAS
PRODUCTIVE GAS
GAS, OIL or CONDENSATE
PRODUCTIVE OIL
RESIDUAL OIL
DRY
WET
HI GRAV
LO GRAV
Wh
Bh
Character Ratio
Ch < 0.5
confirms productive gas phase, either Wet
Gas or Condensate
Ch > 0.5
indicates productive liquid phase, so that gas
is associated with oil
3
5 4
C
C C
Ch
+
=
Combining all Gas Ratios
1 10 17.5 40 100 0 3
Dry Gas
Increasing
Wetness
Gas or Condensate
High Gravity Oil with High GOR
Decreasing
Gravity
Residual Oil
Wetness Ratio
Balance Ratio
Character
Ratio
Summary
Ratio curves provide very effective trend
analysis on a real-time and mud log basis
Accurate determination of reservoir fluid
changes and contacts
Immediate evaluation as reservoir is being
drilled
Definitive values require, optimally, regional
calibration with test or production results
Oil Indicator
Compares Methane to Heavy Gases
Ranges 0.01 to 1, increasing with gas
and oil density
1
5 4 3
C
C C C
O
+ +
=
Inverse Oil Indicator
Inverse of the oil indicator
Ranges 1 to 100, increasing as the
fluid density decreases
5 4 3
1
C C C
C
I
+ +
=
Evaluation of the Oil Indicator Ratios
Oil Indicator Evaluation Inverse
Oil Indicator

0.01 - 0.07 dry gas, gas charged water 100 - 14.3
0.07 - 0.10 condensate, light oil with 14.3 - 10.0
high GOR
0.10 - 0.40 oil 10.0 - 2.5
0.40 - 1.0 residual oil 2.5 - 1
Using the Inverse Oil Indicator
1 10 100
Dry Gas
Condensate or
Light Oil/Hi GOR
Oil
Residual Oil
Ratio Summary
Correctly interpreted, chromatographic gas
ratios provide an excellent means of
reservoir evaluation and determination of
fluid type, contacts, permeability and the
presence of water
Regional calibration against known data
will improve their accuracy
Ratio comparisons and trend evaluation
should be used rather than direct
quantitative analysis
Ratio Limitations
Heavier oils that do not possess the lighter
range of hydrocarbons
Oils with low gas saturation
Large proportion of produced gas may lead
to false proportions
If mud type, rheology, surface system lead
to suspect gas measurements
Conventional Fluorescence
Colour under ultra-violet light being an
indication of the density of the petroleum
fluid
The intensity of the fluorescence being an
indication of the presence of water
Solvent cut as an indication of density and
mobility
Fluorescence Colour
High API gravity oil
Medium API gravity oil
Low API gravity oil
Very low gravity, typically low
intensity
Condensate
10
15
35
45
Solvent Cut
Solvent takes the fluid
into solution and
leaches it out of the
cutting
Speed and nature of
the cut reflects fluid
density, viscosity,
solubility and
permeability
The better the permeability, the
faster the cut
The lower the viscosity, the
faster the cut
Uniform blooming indicates
good permeability and mobility
Streaming cut indicates reduced
permeability and/or high
viscosity
Limitations to UV Fluorescence
Subjective colour descriptions
Presence of contaminants
Much of the fluorescence emissions fall in
the ultra-violet range of the spectrum
any fluorescence visible is only a fraction of the
total emission
Some emissions may go completely undetected
Quantitative Fluorescence Technique
Measurement of the
fluorescence intensity
which is proportional
to the quantity of oil

Old, stored cuttings
can be re-evaluated
with this technique
How representative
are the cuttings?
How much fluid has
been retained by the
cuttings?
Fluorescence intensity
is not linear across the
range of oil gravities
Cannot be used in gas
wells
Quantitative Fluorescence Technique
Elimination of subjective descriptions
QFT measures the oil content as given by
the fluorescence intensity so that increases
can represent an increased amount or a
change in composition
Total Scanning Fluorescence (TSF)
measures the entire excitation wavelengths
of a given crude, with the peak defining the
dominant composition
QFT vs Gas/Fluorescence
Reservoir Top
Reservoir Base
Fluoresence
QFT
Total Gas